Theory X and Theory Y In his 1960 book‚ The Human Side of Enterprise‚ Douglas McGregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories Theory X and Theory Y. Both of these theories begin with the premise that management’s role is to assemble the factors of production‚ including people‚ for the economic benefit of the firm. Beyond this point‚ the two theories of management diverge. Theory X Theory X assumes that the average
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change in behavior‚ or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion‚ which results from practice or other forms of experience” (Shuell‚ 1986‚ p. 412). Learning theories are grouped into three basic categories: • Behaviorist learning theories • Cognitive-information processing learning theories • Cognitive-constructivist learning theories Behaviorism Learning is a result of experience. We use knowledge of the results of past behaviour to change‚ modify and improve our behaviour in future. We
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Two important personality theories are the biological theory and the humanistic theory. The biological theory is based on the premise that all people inherit their characteristics from their family. This theory basically contends that people do not have control over their behaviors because they are genetically pre-determined. The humanistic theory‚ on the other hand‚ is based on the premise that each person has free will to control their actions. This theory does not go along with the idea that behaviors
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the approaching‚ in 1943‚ Maslow established his theory about individual development and motivation. He classified needs into five sets; physiological‚ safety‚ love‚ esteem‚ and self- actualization. The theory as is called Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is the best known and widely used need theory of motivation. In this essay‚ the legitimacy of the theory and acceptable situations in work place if it is true are illustrated. First of all‚ the theory is classified under two grade; deficiency needs
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Theories of emotion The James-Lange Theory American Psychologist William James and the Danish Psychologist Carl Lange. James-Lange theory holds that physiological response give rise to our cognitive experience of emotion. Our body responds to a perception of an event before we experience the emotion. James-Lange Theory: 1. Event 2. Arousal 3. Emotion Example: The dog is growling; My muscles tense; My heart races; I feel afraid. The Cannon-Bard Thalamic Theory Walter Cannon a psychologist
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Physiognomy Theory Physiognomy also known as the Arts and Sciences of the face‚ dates back to Aristotle’s era. This philosophy was first used by the Greek and spread to places as far as Asia and the Middle East within a short period of time. It became very popular especially in Asia‚ where people would use this to determine people’s suitability for jobs and important government positions. The number of important people such as Emperors‚ successful professionals and government
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Learning Theories – Module 5.1‚ 5.2‚ 5.3 Answer each of the following questions as completely and as extensively as possible. (Before completing this handout‚ please review these sections of Chapter 5: “Classical Conditioning‚” page 180; “Operant Conditioning‚” page 190; “Cognitive Learning Theory‚” page 205.) 1. Who is Ivan Pavlov and what was his contribution to psychology? Pavlov’s discovery that dogs would salivate to particular sounds in his laboratory led him to identify a process of
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Neurophysiological and Evolutionary Theories Paper For one who may be interested in the neurophysiological or evolutionary theories of psychology‚ one need not look any further than Donald Olding Hebb who has been described as the father of neuropsychology and Robert C. Bolles who did most of his work in experimental psychology. Hebb is best known for his theory of Hebbian Learning which was introduced in his 1949 work: The Organization of Behavior. As
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Speculating the Limits of Theory by Malini Foobalan As a second year architecture student‚ I find myself speculating about things that I never thought I would. The question to myself in fact‚ is why I care questioning‚ and what is it that has made me come up with such questions. Is it the influence of people around me‚ my developing critical thinking or‚ is it an arbitrary questioning that a typical architecture student would engage in? One of my favorite questions is
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restricts the study of human nature to what can be observed rather than to states of consciousness. An alternative to the materialist view is behaviourism. Behaviourism is the theory that one can observe various physical actions of an individual in order to determine ones inner feelings. For example‚ if someone is smiling‚ skipping‚ and has their head up‚ one can assume that this person is cheerful or happy. Some psychology behaviourists believe the states of consciousness cannot
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