PTU/BOS/Ch/101/30-12-2004/ BATCH 2004 Punjab Technical University‚ Jalandhar B.Tech. Chemical Engg. Scheme of Syllabi ( 3rd Semester ) Sr. no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Course Code Ch-201 Ch-203 Ch-205 Ch-207 Ch-209 Ch-211 Ch-213 Ch-215 Ch-217 Course Title Mechanical Operations Numerical Methods in Chemical Engineering Organic & Biotechnology Chemical Process Calculations Fluid Flow Strength of Materials Strength of Materials Lab. Fluid Flow Lab. Numerical Methods in Chem. Engg. Lab. L 3 3
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The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant + What is equilibrium? A state of balance It can be static (like tug o war) It can be dynamic‚ like cars moving across a bridge‚ and like most of the reactions we will be studying + Chemical Equilibrium Occurs when opposing reactions are proceeding at equal rates Rate at which products form is equal to the rate at which reactants disappear Have the illusion that the reaction has stopped +At equilibrium‚ the concentrations
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is considered in a state of equilibrium when its properties do not change at time passes. Equilibrium is a state of a reaction where the concentration of all the reactants and all the products remain constant over time. Equilibrium as used in chemical systems means that all the chemical forces in a reaction are in balance and that all physical properties of the system (color‚ density and concentration) of all chemicals species involved remains constant. The equilibrium state can be characterized by
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Chemical Bonding Chemical compounds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms. A stable compound occurs when the total energy of the combination has lower energy than the separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms ... a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent Bonds Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms‚ in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Such bonds lead
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increasing because of expectations that prices of sugar will further increase. The law of demand clearly explains the price increase in sugar. “Law of demand is the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded” (Keat & Young‚ 2009‚ p. 46). In a free market if there are more demand than quantity supplied the price increases. Developing nations such as China and India with huge populations have put extra demand for sugar at an all-time high. The citizens of these two countries have
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CHM 096 TUTORIAL 2 (Chemical Equilibrium) Jan 2013 1. Write the equilibrium constant expression‚ Kc‚ for each of the following reactions: a) b) c) d) e) f) 2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) The decomposition of solid potassium chlorate to solid potassium chloride and oxygen gas. 4HCl(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g) 2NO2(g) + 7H2(g) ⇄ 4H2O(l) + 2NH3(g) H2O(g) + C(s) ⇄ CO(g) + H2(g) The reduction of solid copper (II) oxide with hydrogen gas to produce copper metal and water at o 500 C. 2H2(g) + O2(g)
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Lab O6 – Equilibrium Lab Application Purpose: An introduction to the qualitative aspects of chemical equilibrium. Starting with a reaction at equilibrium‚ one will change the concentration of various ions present in the equilibrium‚ and record the states of the changing equilibrium through observation. Theory: Equilibrium- the point at which a solution has become perfectly saturated; when their forward and reverse reaction rates are equal Concentration- a measurement of how much solute
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Chemical bond From Wikipedia‚ the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation‚ search A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges‚ either between electrons and nuclei‚ or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds"
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CH 127 – Chem 2 Lab Determination of an Equilibrium constant Goals The purpose of this experiment is to determine the equilibrium constant for the reaction Fe3+(aq) + HSCN(aq) –>FeSCN2+(aq) + H+(aq). The equilibrium constant expression Kc for Reaction is kc=FeSCN2+[H+]Fe3++[HSCN] Procedure *Preparation of the Beer’s law plot Prepare five solutions of FeSCN2+(aq) of known concentrations between 1x10-5M and 1x10-4M by diluting various volumes of 4.62x10-4 HSCN. Calculate the Final concentration
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is launched horizontally with a velocity of 30 meters per second at time t = 0 as shown above. The potential energy of the ball is zero at the bottom of the cliff. Use g = 10 meters per second squared. a. Calculate the potential‚ kinetic‚ and focal energies of the ball at time t = O. b. On the axes below‚ sketch and Label graphs of the potential‚ kinetic‚ and total energies of the ball as functions of the distance fallen from the top of the cliff cliff cliff c.
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