POPULATION GENETICS (FRUITFLY) NAME: Christopher N. Anah CLASS: BIOL 2108L INSTRUCTOR: DR. JAMES BATTEY OVERVIEW: In this lab the Drosophila melanogaster fly species were used to do genetic test crosses. Students were taught how to manipulate phenotypes‚ collect data from F1 through the F4 generations‚ and analyze the results.INTRODUCTION: The basic principles of genetics are very often shared by a vast array of organisms. For that reason‚ it is usually only necessary to study the genetic
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patterns of two traits together. From this he formulated the law of independent assortment. A test cross can also be performed to discover if individuals expressing the dominant allele are homozygous or heterozygous. Geneticists today often use Drosophila melanogaster as a test subject. The wild type fruit fly is used to discover inheritance patterns in mutant flies. Mendel’s Laws and Probability Mendel used rules of probability such as the rule of multiplication to calculate the chance of inheriting
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maintain their functional anatomy. The Paired Box 6 (Pax6) best exemplifies the conservation of functions through evolution. The importance of Pax6 was established by the work on Drosophila mutant lines which failed to develop eyes‚ and described as “eyeless” (ey) phenotype. It is present on chromosome 4 of Drosophila melanogaster and serves as a
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. Drosophila crosses Introduction: The common fruit fly‚ Drosophila melanogaster‚ is mainly used for genetic studies. Fruit flies are easily cultured and can reproduce in as little as two weeks at the proper temperature. (Book) The purpose of this experiment was to study the transfer of genes between homologous chromosomes by crossing over. During our experiment we studied three X-chromosome genes: white (w)‚ miniature (m)‚ and forked (f). To begin this experiment we started with four
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that all organisms have in common. Common fruit flies like Drosophila are useful when studying genetics for several reasons‚ such as their small size that makes them easy to utilize in genetics experiments‚ they are low “Low Maintenance Creatures”. The small size of the flies allows us to separate and study them individually. Their small size (only a few millimeters long) however not too small that they
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theoretical expectations of independent assortment and the segregation of alleles. Next‚ we used the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem to provide a theoretically expected value for allele frequencies for single human gene traits. Lastly‚ we dealt with Drosophila melanogaster and we examined red and white eye alleles to determine if this gene is sex-linked or autosomal. During the mid 1800 ’s Mendel bred garden peas to study inheritance. He choose these plants because of their well defined characteristics and
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Christopher Kruzel Bios 221 April 4‚ 2012 Drosophila Introduction The fruit fly or Drosophila melanogaster is ideal for classroom experiments. They are inexpensive‚ easy to nap‚ breed‚ as well as observe. It was very important to be able to tell the male and female flies apart from one another. The males are known to be usually smaller in size than the female flies and have bristles on their forelegs while the females lack this appearance. Also the males have a black or dark round end whereas
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Oliver Breitenstein Development of a Flapping Wing Mechanism Semester Project Autonomous Systems Lab (ASL) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich Supervision Dr. Samir Bouabdallah‚ Stefan Leutenegger and Prof. Dr. Roland Siegwart Spring Semester 2009 Contents Abstract Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 2 Review 2.1 Aerodynamics of flapping wings . 2.1.1 Wagner Effect . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Leading edge vortex . . . 2.1.3 Clap and fling mechanism 2.1.4 Rotational lift . . .
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Paper-1 1. Non-chordata and Chordata: (a) Classification and relationship of various phyla up to subclasses: Acoelomate and Coelomate‚ Protostomes and Deuterostomes‚ Bilateria and Radiata; Status of Protista‚ Parazoa‚ Onychophora and Hemichordata; Symmetry. (b) Protozoa: Locomotion‚ nutrition‚ reproduction‚ sex; General features and life history of Paramaecium‚ Monocystis‚ Plasmodium and Leishmania. (c) Porifera: Skeleton‚ canal system and reproduction. (d) Cnidaria: Polymorphism‚ defensive
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The X/Y sex chromosomes and the 2‚3‚4‚ autosomes. It is important to know the differences between the two adult sexes in order to record and collect the data accurately. The major sexual differences in Drosophila are apparent in the abdominal segment of the flies. In males‚ the last abdominal segment of the male is much larger and rounded than that in the female. Another indicator is the presence of sex combs present in males. Male flies has a small‚ densely
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