Liquidated Damages v. Penalty Are Causation and Loss Really Required?‚ Pooja Sharma* In a contract‚ the parties may name a sum to be payable in the event of breach. If such sum is a genuine pre estimate of loss it is termed liquidated damages‚ and if it bears no reflection on the loss suffered‚ it is termed a penalty. Courts are reluctant to enforce penalty clauses and in such cases the sum stipulated is normally reduced. It has been perceptively observed by Fansworth that in comparison to the
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Introduction of damages – Tashishana Sam General damages – Tumusiime Clare Special damages – Apili Charity Nominal damages – Nambooze Gladys Contemptuous damages – Akiteng Doreen Punitive damages – Tumusiime Clare Contemptuous damages – Akiteng Doreen Exemplary damages – Abaho Elizabeth Liquidated damages – Abaho Elizabeth Unliquidated damages – kayesu Claire Speculative‚ ordinary‚ damage for loss of reputation and aggravated damages. Damages These are compensation
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Damages Compensation for causing loss or injury through negligence or a deliberate act‚ or a court’s estimate or award of a sum as a fine for breach of a contract or of a statutory duty. Types of damages include (1) General: damages that are presumed in law and follow indirectly from a wrong. They need not be specifically-claimed or proved to have been sustained‚ and are awarded also where an injury or loss (such as physical pain and mental anguish) cannot be precisely estimated. (2) Special (or
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Liquidated:An Ethnography of Wall Street – Ch. 3 How is shareholder value constructed? How were leveraged buyouts supposed to save Wall Street institutions? On what ground could you be critical of this thinking? In Chapter 3 of Liquidated‚ Ho talks about the historiographies of Wall Street and the shareholder value revolution and it’s equivocal affects on various Wall Street players in the 1990’s. Ho introduces the issue of shareholder value by defining it as a concept that has become a part
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The Damage of Rollkur Over 80% of dressage and show jumping equines have damage in their necks due to Rollkur. But what exactly is rollkur? Rollkur is a German word meaning hyperflexion in a horse’s neck‚ most prominent in dressage and showjumping‚ but is also found in almost every other discipline. Equestrians need to understand the difference between being “on-the-bit” and hyperflexion. A picture of Rollkur in a dressage event. Picture By Theresa Sandin-Sustainable Dressage. There
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members of the public are no longer allowed to climb the Qutub Minar. Over the years the Qutub Minar has seen its fair share of problems with the top being damaged by lightening at one time‚ and structural damage due to earthquakes over time. Thankfully‚ it has been repaired as and when the damage occurred and as a result it remains a marvel for generations to see.The entire Qutub Minar complex is a well maintained property with lush gardens. The guides do not harass and an official audio tour is available
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (NO.) 22337 OF 2008 IN THE MATTER OF: BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA … PETITIONER … RESPONDENTS VERSUS BONNIE FOI LAW COLLEGE & ORS. ____________________________________________________ FINAL REPORT OF THE 3-MEMBER COMMITTEE ON REFORM OF LEGAL EDUCATION ____________________________________________________ Pursuant to orders of the Supreme Court dated June 29‚ 2009 and October 6‚ 2009 and as approved
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occipital lobe processes visual stimulus. Language‚ retrieval of memory and behaviour is administrated through temporal lobe (Martin‚ 2003). Finally‚ the limbic system tends to control emotion as well as short term memory (Martin‚ 2003). Brain damage is the degeneration or abnormal growth of brain cells‚ which can be the result of outer (injury) or inner (disease) influences. Therefore‚ in cases of brain disease there are biological and psychological impairment that causes abnormality in the brain
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Torts and Damages I . Concept/ Definition The term “Tort” is of Anglo-American law-common law which is broader in scope than the Spanish-Phil concept which is limited to negligence while the former includes international or criminal acts. Torts in Philippine law is the blending of common-law and civil law system. Quasi Delict refers to acts or omissions which cause damage to another‚ there being fault or negligence on the part of the defendant‚ who is obliged by law to pay for the damages done.
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COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CAUSES OF DETERIORATION IN BUILDINGS By Dr.Abdul-Mohsen Al-Hammad OUTLINE INTRODUCTION THE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF A BUILDING DEFECT CAUSES OF DETERIORATION IN BUILDINGS IN GENERAL DETAILED CAUSES OF DETERIORATIN IN BUILDINGS WITH EXAMPLES COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN INTRODUCTION Proper building maintenance should be considered during: COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN * Planning * Design * Construction‚ and * Maintenance stages
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