In the reaction mechanism‚ a carboxylic acid‚ m-toluic acid is used to synthesize N‚N-diethyl-m-toluamide‚ also know as DEET‚ through a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. The reaction begins by first converting the m-toluic carboxylic acid into an acyl chlorosulfite through a reaction using thionyl chloride. The carboxylic acid is converted into an acyl chloride because the acyl chloride is more reactive. In this step‚ hydrochloric acid is formed from a hydrogen on the carboxylic acid and a
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Preparation of Ethers: 1. Preparation of symmetrical ethers from alcohols H2SO4 R O R + H2O 2ROH 2. Williamson Ether Synthesis R O Na - - + + + R’X R O R’ + NaX Ar O Na + RX Ar O R + NaX Involves a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halide ion is displaced by the alkoxide or phenoxide ion. Gives best results when 1o alkyl halides are used. Mechanism is SN2. Alkoxides may be prepared by reacting an alcohol with NaH or by reacting an alcohol with Na metal.
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Introduction to Alkane Nomenclature A. Determining the Priority of Functional Groups. What’s in a name? 3-ethyl-5-(1-methylpropyl)-4‚4-dimethylnonane Too big a subject to cover on one sheet! This paper will focus on alkanes. Determining functional group priority will be the subject of a subsequent sheet. suffix http://masterorganicchemistry.com D. Applying the Lowest Locator Rule F. Dealing With Branched Substituents (the IUPAC Way) Number the chain from one end so as
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons Have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes. Are alkenes with double bonds. Are alkynes with triple bonds. 1 Structure of Alkenes Alkenes (and alkynes) are unsaturated hydrocarbons Alkenes have one or more double bonds The two bonds in a double bond are different: - one bond is a sigma () bond; these are cylindrical in shape and are very strong - the other is a pi (π) bond; these involve sideways overlap of
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synthesis (Q.3) Substitution of chlorine takes place readily at higher temperature in : ( 1 mark ) (a) CH3CH=CH2 (b) H2C=CH2 (c) HC C (d) None of the above (Q.4) (CH3)3CMgBr on reaction with D2O gives: ( 1 mark ) (a) (CH3)3CD (b) (CH3)3COD (c) (CD3)3CD (d) (CD3)3OD (Q.5) The silver salt of fatty acid on refluxing with an alkyl halide gives an: ( 1 mark ) (a) Acid (b) Ester (c) Ether (d) Amine (Q.6) Which of the following is the most reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction? (
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work as a base by abstracting a proton or it can work as a good nucleophile. When it works as a base it can be added to water‚ alcohols‚ amines‚ acids‚ terminal alkynes and etc. When it works as a nucleophile‚ its nucleophilicity reacts with the electrophilic carbon in a carbonyl group forming a new carbon-carbon bond. Grignard reagents when synthesized are very reactive and thus must be made in an environment free of water or any other potential proton donor. Thus in order to synthesize the grignard
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be derived into two broad classes 1. Aliphatic compounds Nonaromatic hydrocarbons such as alkanes‚ alkenes or alkynes 2. Aromatic compounds A series of cyclic unsaturated compounds with unusually high stability • The properties and reactions of aromatic compounds are exemplified / demonstrated by the properties and reactions of benzene (the “parent” aromatic molecule) • Benzene Structure: MF: C6H6 DBE = • Properties and Reactions of Benzene 1. Benzene‚ being unsaturated‚ would be
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enone “9” to form the aminopyrimidine “8” then “8” is reduced in the presence of palladium then refluxed for 21 hrs to form amine group which is replaced by nitro group‚ finally they added acid chloride 6 to 17 then the amine group attack the electrophilic carbon (the carbon near to Cl) and eliminate Cl
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decrease in the order of: μ= C-Cl > 1.56D C-F > 1.51D C-Br > 1.48D C-I 1.29D Ch06 Alkyl Halides Page 1 Typically the chemistry of alkyl halides is dominated by this effect‚ and usually results in the C-X bond being broken (either in a substitution or elimination process). This reactivity makes alkyl halides useful chemical reagents. Nomenclature According to IUPAC‚ alkyl halides are treated as alkanes with a halogen substituent. The halogen prefixes are Fluoro-‚ Chloro-‚ Bromo- and Iodo-
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Purpose: a) To identify saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons using properties and reactions. b) Study substitution and addition reactions. Equipments test tube rack (1) test tube holder (2) 100 mL beaker medium test tube (6) Materials cyclohexene toluene n-hexane conc. H2SO4 Br2/CCl4 or
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