Energy and Electron Affinity Ionization Energy is removing an electron Electron Affinity is adding an electron Ionization Energy • Energy required to remove an electron from a ground state atom Ionization Energy of Noble Gases • Noble gases have full orbitals‚ so it is difficult to remove an electron from them. But‚ it does become easier the further away the electrons get from the nucleus. Ionization Energy of Alkali Metals • Alkali Metals only have one valence electron‚ so it does
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pairing of electrons take place in (n-1)d orbital causing repulsion i.e. shielding of (n-1)d orbital. Group 11 &12 elements i.e. Cu & Zn have bigger size due to strong shielding of completely filled (n-1)d orbital. The transition elements show variable oxidation state due to small energy difference between (n-1)d &ns orbital as a result both (n-1)d &ns electrons take part in bond formation. The highest oxidation state of an element is equal to number of unpaired electrons present in
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Electron Transport Chain The first step in the electron transport chain process is for the NADH2 produced during glycolysis‚ the intermediate step‚ and the citric acid cycle to be attracted to Complex I (FMN ·FeS)due to its high affinity for NADH2. This attraction pulls NADH2 to Complex I (NAD dehydrogenase) and the two electrons from H2 are pulled off by the FeS (ferrous sulfate) leaving two H+ ions and NAD+. These molecules repel each other and this results in the NAD+ being recycled
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Since Galileo began using a rudimentary compound microscope in 1609‚ whole new ranges of objects not known to even exist were discovered from that basic piece of technology. The microscope played the key role in discovering cells‚ and as it advanced with technology‚ so too did the cell theory. In 1665‚ scientist Robert Hooke used a microscope to look at slices of cork. He noticed that the cork was divided up into hundreds of tiny little compartments that he named cells. Hooke was the first person
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This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. Scope 1.1 The primary objective of metallographic examinations is to reveal the constituents and structure of metals and their alloys by means of the light microscope. In special cases‚ the objective of the examination may require the development of less detail than in other cases but‚ under nearly all conditions‚ the proper selection and preparation of the specimen is of major importance. Because of the
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were casted by dipping method after the NRL formulation was pre-vulcanized at 70oC. The observed parameter includes crosslink density‚ tensile strength‚ tensile modulus and elongation at break. The morphology of film was studied via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results
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The winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) is a twining‚ perennial herbaceous legume which can climb to 3-4 meters (Kantha and Erdman‚ 1985). As a leguminous plant‚ winged bean can be used in almost all parts of the plant. Fruit‚ leaves‚ flowers‚ bulbs and seed are edible and contain high protein and oil (Kotaru et al.‚ 1987; Dwiani et al.‚ 2014). The mature‚ dry seed is the most nutritious part of the winged bean. Their outstanding nutritive quality is based‚ above all‚ on their high protein
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agitation at different speeds was determined. Seeding efficiency was determined using the Hoechst 33258 assay‚ and cell viability was assessed using the Alamar Blue™ assay. The distribution of cells within the scaffolds was imaged using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the optimum seeding conditions varied for HOSTE85 cells and bovine chondrocytes‚ with different agitation speeds leading to different seeding efficiencies‚ cell viabilities‚ and distributions of cells within scaffolds
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Use pages 6C-13C of your textbook. 1. What are cells? 2. When was the first microscope invented? 3. What is a microscope? 4. What is the difference between a simple and compound microscope? 5. Who was one of the first people to observe cells? 6. What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek discover? 7. A Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) can magnify a specimen up to how many times? 8. What did Matthias Schleiden
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life); seed samples (the growth and development of organisms); the electron microscope (allowing detailed examination of objects); the tablet-style computer (the dissemination and democratisation of knowledge); and the moon rock (exploration of space). DNA Spiral Helix The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) helix is the only object in the Cabinet which is a representation. Whilst DNA exists in every cell it would need the Electron Microscope to render DNA visible. Two strands are shown twisted into a helix
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