another Covalent Bonding - two atoms each sharing electrons within a molecular orbital Metallic Bonding - positive metal ions held together in a lattice with a “sea of electrons” An actual chemical bond is a blend of all three types of bonding. Most often‚ one type is dominant over others. We will concentrate on ionic and covalent bonding. LEWIS STRUCTURES Only valence electrons are important in bonding. Lewis dot structures show valence electrons surrounding atom. We visualize the four valence orbitals
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is Sulfur dichloride. SCl^2 is a covalent bond because since they are close to each other in valence electrons‚ they have almost full outer shells so they share electrons with one another. A good example is table salt NaCl‚ because they are on opposite sides of the periodic table therefore that means that they are different and one has less valence electrons than the other. Na has 1 valence electron in its outer most shell and Cl has seven‚ it would need just one more to fill its outer most shell therefore
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temperatures of various superconductors: Material Type Tc(K) Zinc metal 0.88 Aluminum metal 1.19 Tin metal 3.72a Mercury metal 4.15 YBa2Cu3O7 ceramic 90 TlBaCaCuO ceramic 125 Because these materials have no electrical resistance‚ meaning electrons can travel through them freely‚ they can carry large amounts of electrical current for long periods of time without losing energy as heat. Superconducting loops of wire have been shown to carry electrical currents for several years with no measurable
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Chemical reactions are caused by atoms rearranging. No new atoms are created or destroyed. Dalton’s model of the atom had some problems explaining why atoms would combine or bond‚ which leads to the next great scientist. J. J. Thomson discovered electrons from his experiment using a cathode ray tube experiment. He shot an electric current/ ray through a plate of metal in tube filled with gas. He found that some particulate or small pieces of matter (not energy or light) gathered at the end of the
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enters the Heisenberg Bank‚ which is‚ for the most part‚ seemingly empty. However Alice soon learns that it is quite the opposite‚ the bank is packed with anti electrons‚ which are particles that do not have its rest mass energy‚ which is the minimal energy needed for a particle to be a free particle and properly exist. These Anti electrons
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The Atomic and Nuclear Structure of an Atom The atom has three main components the protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons. The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus‚ while the electrons are found outside the atom’s nucleus. Each component of an atom has a charge to it. The protons have a positive charge. The electrons have a negative charge‚ and the neutrons have a neutral charge. The atoms also have a charge. For example hydrogen can be negative‚ positive or neutral. These are called
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GREAT DISCOVERIES CHANGE LIVES Do you like watching television? I love it. I do not know what would I do if televisions did not exist. It is interesting‚ in several years‚ they have become a huge part of our lives‚ our indispensables. J.J. Thomson was inspired by some scientists and he provided us the opportunity of having televisions in our lives. Also other scientists improved his thoughts and experiments which leaded to the invention of the television afterwards. It is not that simple of course
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their electrons very well‚ and so creating free electrons‚ carrying a negative charge to jump along the line of atoms in a wire. Resistance is caused when these electrons flowing towards the positive terminal have to ’jumps’ atoms. So if we double the length of a wire‚ the number of atoms in the wire doubles‚ so the number of jumps double‚ so twice the amount of energy is required: There are twice as many jumps if the wire is twice as long. The thinner the wire is the less channels of electrons in the
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Electricity’s impact on Society Electricity has had multiple impacts on society both positve and negative. Electricity has had an effect on everyone in the world‚ even though some people have no understanding or have no use for electricity. For example‚ there are tribes in the Amazon who have never seen a lightbulb who have never beared witness too the heracy of Big brother and yet they are still effected by electricity. The chainsaws which cut down their beloved forests are designed by a man called
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Xxx.comTheories of light In the seventeenth century two rival theories of the nature of light were proposed‚ the wave theory and the corpuscular theory. The Dutch astronomer Huygens (1629-1695) proposed a wave theory of light. He believed that light was a longitudinal wave‚ and that this wave was propagated through a material called the ’aether’. Since light can pass through a vacuum and travels very fast Huygens had to propose some rather strange properties for the aether: for example; it must
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