NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THE REAL ECONOMY John H. Cochrane Working Paper 11193 http://www.nber.org/papers/w11193 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge‚ MA 02138 March 2005 This review will introduce a volume by the same title in the Edward Elgar series “The International Library of Critical Writings in Financial Economics” edited by Richard Roll. I encourage comments. Please write promptly so I can include your comments in the
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Economy of Japan Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy with Black Ships steamed into the bay at Edo‚ old Tokyo‚ on July 8‚ 1853‚ and displayed the threatening power of his ships’ cannons. At the time Japanese did not know what a stem engine is‚ due to the distance‚ Japanese thought the smoke of the stem engine was the fire of a great dragon. So Japanese surrendered without a fight. Commodore Perry requested that Japan open to trade with the West and ends the Japanese seclusion. Japanese
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An open economy is the opposite of a managed economy. It is one that is characteristically market-oriented‚ with free market policies rather than government-imposed price controls. In an open economy industries tend to be privately owned rather than owned by the government. In the area of international trade an open economy is one whose policies promote free trade over protectionism. On the other hand‚ a managed or closed economy is characterized by protective tariffs‚ state-run or nationalized
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GLOBAL ECONOMIES Global Economies: The New Paradigm of Trans-Global Industry and Commerce Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of PhD in International Business and Program Management 1 Kelly Eugene Higgins I.D.: UD17818BIN25641 Atlantic International University‚ Honolulu‚ HI 8 June 2013 GLOBAL ECONOMIES Part 1 Reflection Despite the attempted global empires that have existed and flourished to greater or lesser extents throughout the history of human civilization‚ the
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improve the economy of Iraq by bringing access to the outside financial world with products that will be accessible by the regular consumer. More financial options with more financial institutions for the citizens of Iraq will help them with
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political economy‚ branch of social science that studies the relationships between individuals and society and between markets and the state‚ using a diverse set of tools and methods drawn largely from economics‚ political science‚ and sociology. The term political economy is derived from the Greek polis‚ meaning “city” or “state‚” and oikonomos‚ meaning “one who manages a household or estate.” Political economy thus can be understood as the study of how a country—the public’s household—is managed
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INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER Economic Reforms in Myanmar: Pathways and Prospects Hank LIM and Yasuhiro YAMADA This chapter should be cited as: Lim‚ H. and Yamada‚ Y.‚ 2012. “Economic Reforms in Myanmar: Pathways and Prospects.” In Economic Reforms in Myanmar: Pathways and Prospects‚ edited by Hank Lim and Yasuhiro Yamada‚ BRC Research Report No.10‚ Bangkok Research Center‚ IDE-JETRO‚ Bangkok‚ Thailand. Introductory Chapter Economic Reforms in Myanmar: Pathways and Prospects Hank LIM and Yasuhiro YAMADA
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Economy Overview In the Australian economy there has been a continuous growth and features a low unemployment‚ contained inflation‚ very low public debt‚ and a strong and stable financial system. Australia had experienced more than 20 years of continued economic growth‚ averaging 3.5% a year. Australia was comparatively unaffected by the global financial crisis‚ Australia has benefited from a dramatic surge in its terms of trading in recent years. Australia has the best exporter of natural resources
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...................................................xxiii Abbreviations and acronyms ......................................................................................................xxvi PART 1. THE CREATIVE ECONOMY Chapter 1. 1.1 Concept and context of the creative economy 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.1.7 1.1.8 1.1.9 1.1.10 1.1.11 1.1.12 1.1.13 3 Evolving concepts and definitions ........................................................................................3
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Economies of scale are the cost advantages that a business can exploit by expanding their scale of production. The effect of economies of scale is to reduce the average (unit) costs of production. Economies of scale‚ in microeconomics‚ refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. There are factors that cause a producer’s average cost per unit to fall as the scale of output is increased. "Economies of scale" is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit cost
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