Lesson 2.1 – Issues at the Beginning of Life In vitro fertilization has become very popular for those who are not able to conceive naturally. There are many factors to consider when deciding to have any reproductive procedure done. The parents-to-be need to be well educated with the procedure that will going to be performed. Research is very important. Having a clear understanding on what will be happening before‚ during‚ and after having this procedure. Becoming pregnant is similar to winning the
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“The end may justify the means as long as there is something that justifies the end.” - Leon Trotsky. This quote closely relates to a philosophy that became popular in Russia in the 1860’s- utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a philosophy defined as the idea of the moral worth of an action is determined only by the contribution to the overall utility‚ the contribution of happiness or pleasure among all people. Meaning‚ the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its outcome. Moral choices
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In Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky‚ Raskolnikov finds himself torn between the forces of good and evil and becomes unsure of his footing on such unstable ground. He believes that he can put good into the world by killing his evil pawnbroker‚ but he ends up having his world go spiralling out of control due to unforeseen circumstances. Raskolnikov believes that extraordinary men should be exempt from commonly perceived “wrongdoing” because they are more intelligent than the common masses
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becomes tainted by the sin of the world. God’s purest creations are stained by the sin and evil of human nature‚ yet salvation is promised to those who embrace and delight in it. Fyodor Dostoevsky alludes to the idea of the embracing of faith in the midst of the persistence of evil. In his book‚ “The Idiot”‚ Dostoevsky destroys innocence and reveals the stain past evils leave behind to depict the destructive power of evil. The impossibility of standing against this powerful force is shown through evils’
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Raskolnikov goes psychotic. Svidrigailov commits suicide. In Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment‚ these two principle male characters experience dreams that are a result of their extreme guilt. The dreams portrayed in the novel reveal aspects of their subconscious selves. Nightmares are dreams that connect to the unconscious soul that cause a dreamer to wake with the profound feeling of loss of life or dismemberment with a sense of threat to his or her self-esteem and interpersonal security
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Utilitarianism‚ in its most basic form‚ upholds actions resulting in ends that allow for greatest good for the greatest amount of people‚ and ensures that pleasure is maximized and pain is minimized. Sovereign forces of pleasure and pain drive one’s everyday actions and justify said actions (Bentham‚ 1789). Raskolnikov’s methodical evaluation of the moral dilemma presented to him exemplifies an intrinsic understanding of utilitarianism. Raskolnikov employs the fundamentals
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Utilitarianism Key Features • • • Relativist Theory – – – – – – – No Absolutes Morality Depends on individual circumstances Happiness is the most important thing Quality and Quantity of Happiness need to be taken into account The Measure of Usefulness or Fittingness for purpose an action may have Teleological Ethical theories such as Utilitarianism tend to rely on the principle of utility It is the way of measuring how useful an action is in bringing about the consequences that we desire Equality
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5. Relativism Many different ideas have been given the name ‘relativism’‚ and the term has been used to pillory all sorts of views (sometimes for good reasons‚ sometimes for bad ones). It is mere posturing to say that you are for or against “relativism” unless you say what you mean by the term. Here I want mainly to discuss (and to criticize) a view I have encountered among students in philosophy courses‚ who say things like this: "What anyone believes is true for that person. What you believe
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Utilitarianism In his book‚ J.S. Mill attempts to build on Jeremy Bentham’s original idea of Utilitarianism. His definition of the moral theory is one that is grounded in Bentham’s original work but also extends to include remarks to criticisms of Utilitarianism. Mill believes that‚ like Bentham‚ utility is what is valuable to society. Utility‚ according to Mill‚ is the promotion of pleasure or the absence of pain. He defines this as happiness‚ which is why he refers to utility as the Greatest
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of people affected by it. According to Bentham‚ utilitarianism is the greatest happiness or greatest felicity principle. There are many types of this theory which include act vs. rule‚ two level‚ motive‚ negative and average vs. total. (Clifford G.‚ John C. 2009) In act utilitarianism‚ when people have to make choices‚ they should consider the consequences of each choice and then choose that which will generate much pleasure. The rule utilitarianism looks at the rules of actions which are potential
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