the medication. These factors also affect the dose to be administered. The usual adult dose of medication as listed in standard references‚ is based on the assumption that the adult weighs 150 pounds‚ but since the following variables influence the action of the medication‚ they also may alter the quantity of the drug necessary to produce the desired results a. Weight. Heavy‚ burly clients require larger doses than weak‚ emaciated ones. The doses of many drugs are calculated on a weight basis;
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contraceptives when compared to today’s low-dose monophasic alternatives. Introduction: Since their introduction in 1961‚ oestrogen-progestogen combined oral contraceptive (COC) pills have provided women with an effective and effortless means of contraception for 50 years [1]. Taken by 17% of all women of reproductive age‚ they are amongst the most widely prescribed drugs in the U.K. today[2]. Hitherto‚ earlier COC formulations have been associated with harmful dose-dependent side effects [3]. In time
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weeks after the withdrawal of MTX. Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal side effects are usually controlled by folate supplementation (1 to 5 mg orally‚ given 4 hours before MTX or 1 mg orally once a day if on low dose therapy‚ as in rheumatoid arthritis)‚ dosage reduction‚ dividing the dose over a 12 to 24 hour period‚ withholding the drug‚ or giving it parenterally. Extremely rare cases of colitis and
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Uranium (U) is a metallic‚ silver-gray element that is a member of the actinide series. It is the principle fuel for nuclear reactors‚ but it also is utilized in the production of nuclear weapons. Because uranium is radioactive‚ it is constantly emitting particles and changing into other elements‚ like thorium. Uranium has a well-established radioactive decay chain. U-238 and U-235 (which has 143 neutrons) are the most common isotopes of uranium. Uranium naturally includes all three isotopes (U-238
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Levetiracetam Levetiracetam is probably a major breakthrough in the treatment of epilepsies. It is a highly effective‚ broad-spectrum‚ one of second generation AED with a unique mechanism of action. Chemical structure: Levetiracetam is a single enantiomer‚ (S)-α-ethyl-2-oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide. Its molecular formula is C8H14N2O2 and its molecular weight is 170.21. It is chemically unrelated to any of the other antiepileptic drugs. It is a white to off-white powder with a faint odor and bitter
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ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS Lecture by Dr.Shehla Shaheen Adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from the administration of a therapeutic dose of a drug. OTHER WORDS USED SYNONYMOUSLY; SIDE EFFECTS TOXIC EFFECTS HARMFUL EFFECTS UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS All drugs can produce harmful as well as beneficial effects. ADRs are either related or unrelated to the principal pharmacological actions of the drugs Adverse effects are of great concern to drug regulatory authorities.
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The MMR vaccine helps protect from measles‚ mumps and rubella and is typically given in two doses. The first dose usually after the first year of life and then the second prior to when a child starts school. Due to more current outbreaks of the mumps a third booster has been introduced as a control measure‚ but only in select cases. According to the (Centers
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Uloric’s pharmacodynamic properties include a dose dependent decrease in 24-hour mean serum uric acid concentrations and an increase in 24-hour mean serum xanthine concentrations. In addition‚ it decreases daily urinary uric acid excretion and an increase in total daily urinary xanthine excretion. Percent reduction in 24-hour mean serum uric acid concentrations was between 40% and 55% at the exposure levels of 40 mg and 80 mg daily doses (Takeda‚ 2009). Pharmacokinetic properties include
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min and duration of action through 6 hours. MDI are adequate in mild to moderate exacerbations and is as powerful as the aerosolized solution‚ producing a similar dose of medication in a short amount of time. To maintain sufficient medication to the distal airways‚ and for optimum MDI effectiveness‚ a holding chamber is used. The dose is albuterol two 90 mcg puffs into the holding chamber and the patient inhales subsequently the aerosolized mist. This could be repeated every 4-6 hours. Method of
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A’s furosemide dose of 40 mg daily in the morning is a normal first dose and ought to be regulated based on this patient reaction. The idea of given this medication in the morning is properly executed to lessen wakefulness and lessen gastric commotion. There is a possibility that furosemide might boost Mrs. A’s digoxin effect‚ which may necessitate an interchange
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