According to Sweetman (2002)‚ orphenadrine is a tertiary amine antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) with actions and uses similar to those of benzhexol. It also has weak antihistaminic and local anaesthetic properties. Antimuscarinic drugs are defined by‚ A Dictionary of Nursing (2008) as those inhibiting the action of acetylcholine‚ a neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system. These drugs relax smooth muscle‚ decrease the secretion of saliva‚ sweat and digestive juice‚ and dilate the pupil
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A neuron is a nerve cell in the brain‚ it is essentially the building block of the nervous system. Each neuron is itself a miniature decision making device‚ reacting to signals it receives from hundreds‚ even thousands of other neurons. Each signal is either excitatory or inhibitory. Excitatory signals increase the likelihood of an action potential happening‚ inhibitory make an action potential in a nerve cell less likely. The action potential is a nerve impulse. Once the excitatory signals over
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this process cannot be ignored. This essay will focus on the role of dopamine‚ a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) that consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The psychological importance of dopamine in the human behavioural‚ emotional‚ cognitive and physical processes will be discussed‚ using examples of direct measurements and manipulations from ranges of empirical studies. Given the location of dopamine in the CNS‚ its main function relates to the organisation of the brain
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Dopamine Regulates the Motivation to Act‚ Study Shows The widespread belief that dopamine regulates pleasure could go down in history with the latest research results on the role of this neurotransmitter. Researchers have proved that it regulates motivation‚ causing individuals to initiate and persevere to obtain something either positive or negative. The neuroscience journal Neuron publishes an article by researchers at the Universitat Jaume I of Castellón that reviews the prevailing theory on
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ways‚ include many symptoms leading to diagnosis and although incurable can be treated and managed. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes‚ Parkinson’s is a disease related to the loss or underactive production of dopamine producing brain cells. The loss of these brain cells produce symptoms that can affect the body as a whole‚ causing difficulties for individuals who possess the disease to maintain a healthy lifestyle. It has been discovered that Parkinson’s has been
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Every April‚ Autism Awareness month is celebrated across the country to honor and pay respect to the fighters of Autism. Imagine you had to live in a world where “normal” is the inability to filter information and being unable to communicate with people in everyday life. Unfortunately for many‚ this isn’t a hypothetical situation; it’s their lives. This is a disorder called the “Autism Spectrum Disorder.” This disease can be classified and defined thousands of different ways‚ but the one thing connecting
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disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system and it affects several regions of the brain. An area of the brain that is affected heavily by Parkinson’s is the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra is the part of the brain that produces dopamine
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When a patient has lost nearly 80% of their dopamine cells‚ these symptoms being to appear. It is currently unknown why dopamine-producing cells deteriorate‚ but many theories lead to genetic‚ environmental‚ and age-related factors. Genetics factors cause of Parkinson’s disease through a mutation in the genes responsible for dopamine and other vital proteins. Environmental factors are thought to be associated with Parkinson’s in that exposure to certain toxins such as pesticides can play a significant
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There are two main biological theories which explain the assumed causes of schizophrenia: Genetic and Dopamine Hypothesis. Research by Mikaywa et al has found that there must be a genetic explanation of schizophrenia due to the fact that concordance rates for environmental causes are not 100%. Also Mikaywa noticed that schizophrenia runs in the family‚ meaning there must be something other than environmental causes‚ causing the disorder. What Mikaywa studied was DNA from human families who were
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way so that the PD patients would constantly have the right amount of dopamine in their system. (Hickey) However‚ firstly‚ overtime the brain grows tolerance to Levodopa and that sometimes cause a patients to have either too much dopamine in their system or too little. Secondly‚ since Levodopa is given in big pulses in contrast to the natural steady way that the brain does it‚ it can cause hypersensitivity in basal ganglia dopamine receptors. Thirdly‚ as PD progress and more substantia nigra cells are
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