synthetic analog drug that is only obtainable illegally. Demerol‚ also known as MPPP or MPTP is an analog of fentanyl and meperidine. When ingested‚ MPTP metabolizes into a reactive molecule in the brain that selectively destroys neurons containing dopamine‚ which found in the motor regions of the basal ganglia. Gradual neuronal degeneration is the result of Parkinson’s disease found in aging individuals however‚ the consumption of MPTP dramatically accelerates this process in the course of days and
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The Chemistry of Drugs Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol is the primary psychoactive constituent of Cannibis sativa‚ and is bound to two cannabinoid receptors: CB1 receptors‚ located primarily in the brain‚ and CB2 receptors‚ located primarily in the periphery (Wiley & Martin 2002). A cannabinoid is defined as a substance that has pharmacological properties that resemble those of delta 9 THC i.e. " a drug that binds to CB1 and /or CB2 receptors in vitro and produces a profile of in vivo
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CAUSES Parkinson disease results from a loss of brain cells (neurons) in a specific part of the brain (substantia nigra). Some of the neurons in the substantia nigra make an important brain chemical (dopamine). Dopamine is needed to control movement. As the condition gets worse‚ neurons make less dopamine. This makes it hard to move
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the disorder’s symptoms? The Problem Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive‚ degenerative neurological disorder which is caused by nerve cell death in the midbrain called the substantia nigra which is responsible for producing neurotransmitters dopamine. The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson‚ who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy in 1817 after his observation of 6 cases [1-2]. An estimated 7 to 10 million people worldwide are living
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Describe and evaluate biological explanations of schizophrenia (24 marks) Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by distorted thinking‚ impaired emotional responses‚ poor interpersonal skills and a distortion of reality. It is the most common of psychotic disorders that‚ in most countries around the world‚ affects around 1 per cent of the population. In terms of explanations for the disorder‚ two central types of explanations arise – psychological explanations and biological explanations
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Brain Response of Behavior To explain the communication process of neurons in the brain we must first understand the how a neuron works. In view of the fact that neurons form a network of electrical activities‚ they somehow have to be interconnected. When a nerve indicator‚ or impulse‚ reaches the ends of its axon‚ it has traveled as an action potential‚ or a pulse of electricity. However‚ there is no cellular continuity between one neuron and the next; there is a breach called synapse. The membranes
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Schizophrenia is a complex brain disorder. Like many other illnesses‚ schizophrenia is believed to result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. All the tools of modern science are being used to search for the causes of this disorder. The term schizophrenia is Greek in origin‚ and in the Greek meant "split mind." This is not an accurate medical term. In Western culture‚ some people have come to believe that schizophrenia refers to a split-personality disorder. These are two very
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tegmental area (VTA)‚ which is part of the brain that is rich in dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter and is part of the two major reward pathway. The other mechanism is Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRF)‚ which is a peptide hormone and a neurotransmitter involved in the stress response. However‚ it is revealed that the CRF neurons in the VTA‚ when receiving consistent nicotine exposure‚ it contributes negatively to the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) reward system when withdrawal. The researchers hypothesized
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Chapter 5 Notes * Dopamine and the related substances norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) comprise a small but important group of neurotransmitters and hormones called catecholamines. * Catecholamine contains two chemical similarities: a core structure of catechol and a nitrogen-containing group called an amine. The catecholamines‚ in turn‚ belong to a wider group of transmitter called either monoamines (transmitters that possess one amine group) or biogenic amines * EPI – adrenergic
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Distracted driving is becoming a crisis in many countries‚ such that in America‚ 69% of drivers aged 18 to 64 admit to using a handheld device while driving in previous months compared to 29% in the United Kingdom and 59% in Portugal (Helbock‚ 2015). Currently in America 45 out of 50 states each have passed laws to prohibit distracted driving. Each state sets its own regulations such as 14 states and the District of Columbia (DOC) prohibiting all the drivers from the use of handheld devices‚ 38
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