Chapter 158 Distributions to Shareholders: Dividends and Repurchases ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 158-1 a. The optimal distribution policy is one that strikes a balance between dividend yield and capital gains so that the firm’s stock price is maximized. b. The dividend irrelevance theory holds that dividend policy has no effect on either the price of a firm’s stock or its cost of capital. The principal proponents of this view are Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani (MM). They
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CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION Even before a product is ready for market‚ management should determine what methods and routes will be used to get there. This means establishing strategies for the product distribution channels and physical distribution. Managing a distribution channel often begins with a producer; therefore we will discuss channels largely from a producer’s vantage point. MIDDLEMEN AND DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Ownership of a product has to be transferred somehow from the individual or organization
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expected average outcome over many observations.The common symbol for the mean (also known as the expected value of X) is ‚ formally defined by Variance - The variance of a discrete random variable X measures the spread‚ or variability‚ of the distribution‚ and is defined by The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Expectation - The expected value (or mean) of X‚ where X is a discrete random variable‚ is a weighted average of the possible values that X can take‚ each value
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Probability distribution Definition with example: The total set of all the probabilities of a random variable to attain all the possible values. Let me give an example. We toss a coin 3 times and try to find what the probability of obtaining head is? Here the event of getting head is known as the random variable. Now what are the possible values of the random variable‚ i.e. what is the possible number of times that head might occur? It is 0 (head never occurs)‚ 1 (head occurs once out of 2 tosses)
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Chapter Chapter Systems and Transportation 22 Services Physical Distribution • Section 22.1 Transportation Systems and Services • Section 22.2 Inventory Storage Key Terms physical distribution transportation common carriers contract carriers private carriers exempt carriers ton-mile carload freight forwarders Transportation Systems and Services Objectives Describe the nature and scope of physical distribution Identify transportation systems and services that move products from manufacturers to
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Distribution channel plays an important part in the supply chain. Distribution channel‚ as defined by Coughlan et al. (2006)‚ is a set of independent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for consumption. It serves as the connecting link between the producer and consumer by adding value to products or services (Kim and Frazier‚ 1996) and multiplies selling opportunities through network of intermediaries. These independent organizations are usually made of
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DISTRIBUTION DEFINITION A distribution channel is a set of independent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available to the consumer or a business user. IMPORTANCE OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS The main function of a distribution channel is to provide a link between production and consumption. Organisations that form any particular distribution channel perform many key functions: Information Gathering and distributing market research and intelligence - important
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El Paso and gradually built a customer base throughout Texas. A distribution center was established in Ft. Worth‚ Texas later‚ as business expanded to the north; a second distribution center was established in Santa Fe‚ New Mexico. The El Paso plant was expanded when the company began marketing its meters in Arizona‚ California‚ Nevada‚ and Utah. With the growth of the West Coast business‚ the Darby Company opened a third distribution center in Las Vegas and just two years ago opened a second production
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Frequency Distribution (A) Introduction 1. Ungrouped data versus grouped data Ungrouped data (Raw data): It is a list of individual observed values of the random variable Grouped data (a frequency distribution): It is a table that displays the data in grouping along with the number of occurrences that fall into each group. 2. The components of a frequency distribution a. Class limits: They identify the inclusive values in a class of a frequency distribution The
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Strategic Alliances in Distribution Cininta Meirinda Clara Sarah Patricia Adam Their nature and their motives for creating strategic alliances Building commitment by creating mutual vulnerability Building commitment by the management of daily interactions Decision structures that enhance trust Moving a transaction through stages of development to reach alliances status What does it takes and when does it pays to create a marketing channel alliance? STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
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