Quasi-Experimental Designs and External Validity In research the goal is to design a study that is generalizable to other populations‚ settings‚ and times‚ however this is not an easy task (Campbell & Stanley‚ 1963). Researchers try to create studies that have strong external validity‚ while attempting to avoid possible threats. External validity determines the extent to which the data collected in one study can be generalized to other populations‚ setting‚ treatments variables‚ and measurement
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DISTINGUISH BETWEEN A NATION AND A STATE AND EXPLAIN WHY THE TWO ARE OFTEN CONFUSED. (15) A nation is a grouping of people who consider themselves to have similar circumstances of cultural‚ political‚ same language‚ religion‚ traditions and so on. However‚ as no nation is culturally homogeneous‚ nations are ultimately defined subjectively by their members through the existence of patriotism or national consciousness. There are two types of nations‚ one being political and the other cultural. A
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Differences between Preferred and Common Stock All stock is not created equal. Companies offer two main types of stock: common and preferred stock‚ each with its share of advantages and disadvantages for investors. Preferred and common stocks are different in two key aspects. First‚ preferred stockholders have a greater claim to a company’s assets and earnings. This is true during the good times when the company has excess cash and decides to distribute money in the form of dividends to its
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Preferred Stock Benita Becton XACC/291 08/23/13 Lisa Pendleton Preferred Stock Preferred stock is capital stock that has some contractual preferences over common stock. These particular stocks give stockholders a priority in distributions of earnings and assets in the event of liquidation. Dividend preferences are one of those features that make preferred stock attractive to investors. If the dividend rate on preferred stock is 5.00 per share‚ then common stockholders don’t receive their
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Requirements Object-Oriented Analysis and Design - CDT309 Period 4‚ Spring 2008 Use cases: deciding what you want Marcelo Santos – OOAD-CDT309‚ Spring 2008‚ IDE-MdH Marcelo Santos – OOAD-CDT309‚ Spring 2008‚ IDE-MdH Functional requirements • Describe what processings the system is required to carry out • Provide details of the inputs to the system • Provide details of the outputs: reports‚ forms‚ windows‚ etc. • Provide details of the data the system will held inputs processing
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conditions. Some writers have called attention to the incongruency between bureaucratic and professional norms (Crozier & Friedberg‚ 2010; Etzioni - Halevy‚ 2010) . Specifically‚ they argue that occupants of hierarchical positions frequently do not have the technical competence to make decisions about issues that i nvolve professional knowledge. That is‚ there is a basic conflict in educational organizations between au thority based on bureaucracy and authority based on professional
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to Parahoo (2006)‚ in quantitative studies reliability and validity are two of the most important concept used by researcher to evaluate the quality of the study that is carried out. Reliability and validity in research refer specifically to the measurement of data as they will be used to answer the research question. In most cases‚ the instrument that measures the variable is the central issues in determining the reliability and validity of the data. Whatever data collection method is used‚ the intent
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allowing police agencies to adopt innovative technologies and problem-solving techniques while empowering traditional police organizational structures. Some participants questioned whether predictive policing was‚ in fact‚ a new model. Many police department argued that good crime analysts have been practicing predictive policing for more than 40 years. (Pearsall‚ B. 2010 May) SINCE THE EARLY 1990s‚ New York City has experienced the deepest and most prolonged crime drop in recorded history. In 1994‚ Police
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Reliability and Validity are important aspects of research in the human services field. Without reliability and validity researchers results would be useless. This paper will define the types of reliability and validity and give examples of each. Examples of a data collection method and data collection instruments used in human services and managerial research will be given. This paper will look into why it is important to ensure that these data collection methods and instruments are both reliable
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approaching/overdue"‚ or "we agreed to review my salary after the first three months". I was hired by [your company name] for my ability and experience in [Review the reason they wanted you]. I believe that an increase in my salary is now warranted.[State why you deserve the raise; here is a list to help you. Pick one or two‚ not too many]: * I have successfully taken responsibility for ... * I have a number of accomplishments to my credit:... * My knowledge and skill in ... has allowed the
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