three step process for making a perfume. Only after that you can determine the quality of a perfume. The first step of making perfume is the oil extraction‚ which can be done in several ways: steam distillation‚ solvent extraction‚ enfleurage‚ maceration and expression. In steam distillation‚ plants are being passed through the steam‚ where the oil become gas. Then the gas passes through some tube to make it cooled and liquified. "Another way of extracting oil is to boil the plant substances
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Isolation of the Major Constituents of Clove Oil Organic Chemistry Laboratory II‚ 10 February 2011 Corey Cates Introduction and Objectives The purpose of this lab was to obtain a pure sample of clove oil from ground cloves using steam distillation‚ perform infrared spectroscopy on the sample‚ and analyze the IR to identify the major constituent in the clove oil. The first day the clove oil was removed from the ground cloves into an aqueous solution then removed from the water using DCM. The sample
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Katie Smith April 11‚ 2013 Competitive Nucleophiles Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to compare the nucleophilicities of chloride and bromide ions toward the n-butyl and t-pentyl alcohols. We were able to analyze this by using refractometry to measure the amounts of alkyl chloride and alkyl bromide in each reaction. Experiment Scheme (Procedure A) To begin the experiment‚ we assembled a reflux apparatus in the fume hood with a 100 mL round bottom flask and a condenser
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reflux with vigorous stirring) 4. The upper layer that separates is the alkyl bromide (because the aqueous soln of inorganic salts has a higher density. 5. Reflux for 50 mins and then cool to room temp. 6. Remove the condenser and set up a steam distillation apparatus with a 100-mL round bottom flask as a receiver. 7. Add 50mL of water and distill the mixture (add water if necessary to keep volume constant. 8. Pour the distillate into a separate funnel and add 20mL of water stopper and then shake
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present day‚ tequila‚ by law‚ can only be made by using the blue agave plant. This beautiful plant‚ which looks like an erratic blue cactus‚ is grown in only five official zones of Mexico‚ and to maintain the integrity of the tequila harvesting and distillation must be done in the same place. I will take you through the steps of producing this fine spirit‚ beginning with the growth of the
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Again‚ impurities are the reason for this‚ as they can increase boiling point. There were no OH stretches on the IR spectroscopy‚ meaning that that there was no alcohol or water in the sample. Conclusion: In this experiment‚ extraction and distillation techniques were used to synthesize pure samples of n-Butyl Bromide and t-Pentyl Chloride. Our percent yield was low for both of the samples. I believe that too much of the drying agent (granular NaSO4) was used‚ thus causing a low yield. Although
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Separation of components with different volatilities * WATER AND ACETONE when the water H2O and acetone was heated‚ the acetone evaporated from the beaker and condensed to the test tube. The method used to separate the mixture is Distillation. Distillation is the process of separating liquid mixtures with components of varying degrees of volatility or significant differences in boiling point. The water and the acetone separated. The water and Acetone has different
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cation left on the carbon that lost the alcohol will be replaced by the bromine ion‚ creating 1-bromobutane. The lab students had to understand the basic separation techniques to conduct this lab safe and effectively. They had to setup a simple distillation to distill the mixture quickly once the reaction took place. The distillate then had to be transferred to a separatory funnel to further separate. By following the
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I proposed a magnet would be the used to remove the iron from the mixture. I figured filtration was the method would be the procedure used for removing the sand. I did not know how the benzoic acid would be removed‚ I did however think that distillation would be used to remove the salt. The method of boiling and dissolving the salt and benzoic acid from the sand was surprising. I didn’t expect the sand to stay at the bottom when I poured those elements into a different container. B.
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Term 1 - Summative Assessment Science (Theory) Question Paper Set - 1 Time: 3 to 3 ½ hours Max. Marks: 80 Instructions: 1. The question paper consists of two sections‚ A and B. You are to attempt both the sections. 2. All questions are compulsory. 3. There is no overall choice. However‚ internal choice has been provided in all the three questions of five marks each. You have to attempt only one option in each question. 4. All questions in Section A and all questions in Section B are to
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