the appearance of extremely effective medicines in modern times; natural extracts are still widely used in essential oils and aromatherapy. Essential oils are more widely used in modern products than one might expect - usually extracted through distillation‚ they are used to fragrance bathing products‚ incense‚ perfumes and cosmetics‚ as well as in some types of household cleaner. In terms of alternative medicine‚ essential oils are most frequently used today in aromatherapy. Essential oils re foun
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Synthesis of Chloroform -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- With Calcium Hypochlorite and Acetone When chlorine is passed into boiling alcohol‚ both chlorination of the methyl group and oxidation of the primary alcohol group to an aldehyde occur‚ giving trichloro-acetaldehyde or chloral: When chloral is treated with caustic alkali‚ fission of the C-C linkage occurs‚ giving chloroform and a formate. Acetaldehyde and also many ketones‚ such as acetone
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Experiment 7 General Safety Considerations 1. 1-Butanol and 1-bromobutane are toxic and irritating. Avoid all contact by constantly wearing goggles‚ gloves and working in the hood. Neither of these compounds can be poured down the drain. Like all products‚ 1-bromobutane should be turned in to your TA in a labeled vial. Any excess butanol should be discarded in non-halogenated waste. 2. H2SO4 is extremely corrosive. In very diluted form it can be poured down the drain‚ all other precautions
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Production of an Injectable 2M Na2SO4 Solution JOHN SMITH ABSTRACT: As we head into the 21st century‚ the pharmaceutical industry requires more efficient processes for the production of excipients used in commercial injections. The following design attempts to maximize the production rate of a 2M sodium sulfate solution to 2000 gallons/day without compromising the purity required by the FDA of the solution. The design minimizes the quantity of moving parts using a single Mark III (Rev
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to prepare cyclohexene while using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The mixture of cyclohexanol with sulfuric acid is heated in a flask equipped with a fractionating column‚ forming water. Further heating promotes the distillation of water and cyclohexene by the principle of stem distillation. A bromine test can be later done to ensure that the end product is an alkene. HYPOTHESIS The amount of cyclohexene forms will be greater than the amount of cyclohexanol prepared. PROCEDURE
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This name‚ meaning rock oil‚ is applied to certain bituminous fluids found in the earth. Solid bitumen‚ or asphalt‚ differs but little in chemical composition from petroleum‚ both being compounds of carbon and hydrogen Many varieties of petroleum‚ and perhaps all‚ become thicker by exposure to the air‚ and finally solid‚ resembling asphaltum. Bitumen‚ and doubtless petroleum also‚ was known from the earliest ages‚ being the "pitch" which Noah used in building the Ark‚ and the "slime" used for
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Introduction In this lab‚ caproic acid was synthesized in a multi-step process that involved the synthesis of three intermediates – diethyl n-butylmalonate‚ potassium n-butylmalonate‚ and n-butyl malonic acid respectively. An IR was used to characterize the starting material‚ n-bromobutane‚ and the first intermediate‚ diethyl n-butylmalonate; while IR and NMR were used to characterize the final product‚ caproic acid. Reactions‚ Mechanism and Theory Caproic acid a.k.a n-hexanoic acid is a carboxylic
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Title: Preparation and isolation of an Ester Aim: To make an ester and purify it Background Theory: Esters are derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols with the presence of a catalyst. A carboxylic acid contains the -COOH group‚ and in an ester the hydrogen in this group is replaced by a hydrocarbon group of some kind. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)is used as a catalyst for this reaction in order to accelerate the rate at which the product is formed. The general formula of an ester is RCOOR’ in
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can be created using two methods: acid catalysed hydration of ethylene and through fermentation of sucrose. The purpose of this experiment was to use fermentation to produce ethanol from commercial sucrose (store-bought sugar)‚ using fractional distillation of the fermented solution. The percent ethanol in the fermented solution was then calculated. Mechanism: Results: Mass of conical vial 10.36 g Mass of conical vial with distillate 11.17 g Mass of distillate (mass of vial-mass of vial with distillate)
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Experiment 13: Synthesis of 1- Bromobutane An SN2 Reaction Theory: One of the methods of preparing alkyl halides is via the nucleophilic substitution reactions of alcohols. Alcohols are inexpensive materials and easy to maintain. However‚ they are a poor leaving group the OH group is a problem in nucleophilic substitution‚ this problem is fixed by converting the alcohol into H2O. Objective: The objective of this lab is to observe the synthesis of 1-bromobutane in an SN2 reaction‚ to see how
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