by Steam Distillation and its Identification by Infrared Spectroscopy Eim A. Chemist CHEM 303 June 16‚ 2005 INTRODUCTION “Essential oils” are the volatile components associated with the aromas of many plants.1 In this experiment‚ the essential oil eugenol (the main component of oil of cloves) will be isolated from ground cloves using the technique of steam distillation‚ which is often used to isolate liquid natural products from plants.2 The principle of steam distillation is based
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Isolation & Identification of the Major Constituent of Clove Oil with Steam Distillation The purpose of this laboratory experiment was to isolate and characterize clove oil in order to understand how to isolate organic compounds with high boiling points‚ how to perform and interpret qualitative tests for organic compound functionality‚ and to continue to learn how to perform and interpret IR spectrometry. Steam distillation was used in order to prevent the organic compound from decomposing at
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Fraction (mathematics) A fraction (from Latin: fractus‚ "broken") represents a part of a whole or‚ more generally‚ any number of equal parts. When spoken in everyday English‚ a fraction describes how many parts of a certain size there are‚ for example‚ one-half‚ eight-fifths‚ three-quarters. A common‚ vulgar‚ or simple fraction (examples: \tfrac{1}{2} and 17/3) consists of an integer numerator‚ displayed above a line (or before a slash)‚ and a non-zero integer denominator‚ displayed below (or after)
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Organic Chemistry II Lab 9 Fermentation of a Carbohydrate: Ethanol from Sucrose * Introduction Ethanol is one of the oldest alcohols and also the least toxic one. Industrially‚ ethanol is made most economically by hydration of ethylene. However‚ ethanol that is intended for human consumption must‚ by law‚ be prepared by fermentation. By either method‚ ethanol‚ of course‚ has the same formula‚ structure‚ and properties. The fermentation takes place with the assistance of enzymes from yeast
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In order to teach students the concept of equivalence when working with fractions with unlike denominators or finding equivalent fractions‚ there are some skills that the students must already possess. These are as follows: Students are able to both recognize and write fractions Students understand the ‘breakdown’ of a fraction where the top is the numerator and the bottom is the denominator Students must have some understanding of equivalence and what it means Students must be able to both
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Partial Fractions A way of "breaking apart" fractions with polynomials in them. What are Partial Fractions? We can do this directly: Like this (read Using Rational Expressions to learn more): 2 + 3 = 2·(x+1) + (x-2)·3 x-2 x+1 (x-2)(x+1) Which can then be simplified to: = 2x+2 + 3x-6 = 5x-4 x2+x-2x-2 x2-x-2 ... but how do we go in the opposite direction? That is what we discover here: How to find the "parts" that make the single fraction (the "partial fractions")
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Lacsap’s Fractions IB Math 20 Portfolio By: Lorenzo Ravani Lacsap’s Fractions Lacsap is backward for Pascal. If we use Pascal’s triangle we can identify patterns in Lacsap’s fractions. The goal of this portfolio is to find an equation that describes the pattern presented in Lacsap’s fraction. This equation must determine the numerator and the denominator for every row possible. Numerator Elements of the Pascal’s triangle form multiple horizontal rows (n) and diagonal rows (r). The elements
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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING University of Engineering & Technology‚ Lahore Mass Transfer Lab Introduction Separation equipments account for a major part of the capital investment in process industry. Fundamental laws governing the design and operation of these equipments are covered in the course “Mass Transfer”. The purpose of this lab is to introduce the undergraduate students with the most important separation equipments in the process industry‚ and provide a hands-on training of
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Tessa Landauer Chemistry 0340 Qualitative Analysis Shaopeng Zhang January 26‚ 2015 I submit this laboratory report as an original document. I assert that all ideas and discussion of data contained herein is my own work unless otherwise referenced. Tessa Landauer Abstract The goal of the experiment was to isolate and purify the unknown D liquid and solid by using its acidic and basic characteristics in a chemically active extraction then to identify the unknowns by analyzing the physical properties
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PRE LAB REPORT Reynaldo Riboul TLC and Column Chromatography October 6‚ 2013 Table of Chemicals: Chemical Hazards Mol. Wt. Density Grams Moles Acetone Flammable‚ Irritant 58.08 g mol−1 0.791 g cm−3 2.0 g 0.0344 Hexane Flammable‚ Irritant‚ Dangerous to Environment 86.18 g mol−1 .6548 g mL−1 9.0 g 0.1044 Fluorene Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects 166.223 g/mol 1.202 g/mL 0.3 g 0.00180 Fluorenone Irritant 180.20 g mol−1 1.13 g/cm3 0.3 g 0.00166
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