NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY Nicholas Bloom John Van Reenen Working Paper 16019 http://www.nber.org/papers/w16019 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge‚ MA 02138 May 2010 This paper has been prepared for a chapter in the Handbook of Labor Economics Volume IV edited by David Card and Orley Ashenfelter. We would like to thank the Economic and Social Research Council for their financial support through the Center for
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demonstrates how the composer explores important issues Robert Caswell’s Australian screenplay Scales of Justice ‘The Job’ explores many issues‚ including corruption within the workplace‚ racism and the avoidance of crime throughout the text. He deals with these themes and issues through the eyes of a naïve new Probationary Constable‚ Len Webber‚ as he battles with his conscience against right and wrong. In scales of Justice ‘The Job’‚ Constable Len Webber is new to the police Force. Sergeant O’Rourke
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Economy of scale refers to the benefits of producing on a large scale. When firms and industries increase the scale of their operation there can be advantages which reduce the average (unit) cost of their output. Internal economy of scale is the benefit‚ in the form of lower average costs‚ which a firm can gain from increasing its size. Internal economies of scale arise from the growth of the firm itself. One internal economy of scale can be marketing economies. For food retail industry‚ large
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Attitude Measurement: Likert Scale The Dogmatism Scale Please do not skip any of the statements‚ and answer each statement to the best of your ability. Strongly Agree‚ Agree‚ Sometimes‚ Disagree‚ Strongly Disagree 1.) Once an idea is in my head‚ I stick with it. 2.) My own personal beliefs seem to be more right than others. 3.) I am open to hear others opinions and let them at least try to change my mind. 4.) I would rather agree with someone‚ even though I know they are wrong‚ just because we
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Economies of scale The long run – increases in scale A firm’s efficiency is affected by its size. Large firms are often more efficient than small ones because they can gain from economies of scale‚ but firms can become too large and suffer from diseconomies of scale. As a firm expands its scale of operations‚ it is said to move into its long run. The benefits arising from expansion depend upon the effect of expansion on productive efficiency‚ which can be assessed by looking at changes in average
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Likert Scale Page 1 of 3 Likert Scale The following choices may help you when you design an attitude instrument. The bold face sets are the most popular. AGREEMENT z z z z z z z Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree z z z z z z z z z z Agree Strongly Agree Moderately Agree Slightly Disagree Slightly Disagree Moderately Disagree Strongly z z z Agree Very Strongly Agree Strongly Agree Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree Very Strongly z z z z Yes No z z z z Agree
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Marginal Costs and Benefits Marginal analysis is a technique used in microeconomics by which very small changes in specific variables are studied in terms of the effect on related variables and the system as a whole. Marginal costs and benefits are a vital part of economics because they help to provide the relevant measurement of costs and benefits at a specific level of production and consumption (McCain‚ 2008). This is the reason why I’ve chosen this topic for my paper. We use economics
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Differences Between Leadership And Management Leaders and managers are very similar in role responsibilities‚ yet have very subtle differences. Both roles are instrumental in building strong teams of employees and compliment each other as they work towards the same goals. There are a few notable differences‚ which can help to distinguish between a manager and a leader. Managers perform functions in organisations and hold a particular‚ formal‚ title and fulfill a role. They are responsible for
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The Marginal World I. Intro A. The Edge of the sea is a strange and beautiful place B. She describe the shore of the sea in general. Specifically‚ she talks about different places at the edge of the sea: a tidal pool‚ the mud flats of the Georgia Cost‚ and the mangrove-lined coast of southwestern Florida C. Wonder‚ Enjoyment and Fascination D. people who like nature E. The shore is a world that keeps alive the sense of continuing creation and of the relentless drive of life. Each time that I enter
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Since long‚ the deep-rooted difference reigning between leadership and management has fuelled a raging debate. According to Bennis‚ “There is a profound difference between management and leadership‚ and both are important. To manage means to bring about‚ to accomplish‚ to have charge of or responsibility for‚ to conduct. Leadership is influencing‚ guiding in a direction‚ course‚ action‚ opinion. The distinction is crucial.” In fact‚ leadership and management are both vital and complementary.
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