Analysis of Hydrocarbons Jessa Grace B. Castillo* and Stephanie Chua Department of Chemistry‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines ______________________________________________ Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbons and further divided in major types. Hydrocarbons react differently in reagents. The basis of determining an unknown hydrocarbon is due to the differences in reactions of hydrocarbons. An unknown compound is determined using tests.
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Rgt/Pdt | Structure | Physical Properties | Hazards | acetone | | Physical State: LiquidAppearance: colorlessBoiling Point: 56.20CMelting Point: -95.30CDensity: 0.79 g/cm3 | Causes eye and skin irritation. May cause central nervous system depression. May cause liver and kidney damage. Causes respiratory tract irritation. Extremely flammable. | aniline | | Physical State: LiquidAppearance: oily - colorlessBoiling Point: 1840CMelting Point: -60CDensity: 1.0216 g/cm3 | Combustible. Hazardous in
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(T) NFPA 704 Flash point −11.63 °C; 11.07 °F; 261.52 K Autoignition temperature 497.78 °C; 928.00 °F; 770.93 K Explosive limits 1.2–7.8% LD 930 mg/kg (rat‚ oral) 50 Related compounds Related compounds • • toluene borazine Supplementary data page Structure and properties n‚ ε ‚ etc. r Benzene 3 Thermodynamic data Phase behaviour Solid‚ liquid‚ gas Spectral data UV‚ IR‚ NMR‚ MS (verify) [10] (what is: / ?) Except where
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EXPERIMENT 7 - Distillation – Separation of a Mixture Purpose: a) To purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material. b) To separate a mixture of two miscible liquids (liquids that mix in all proportions) with different boiling points. Equipment / Materials: large test tubes(3) clamp (1 or 2) ringstand boiling chips test tube rack (1) heating mantle glass adaptor thermometer adaptor 10-mL graduated cylinder condenser (1 or 2) grease 50- mL round bottom flask 50-
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Alkane‚ Alkene‚ Alkyne & Aromatic Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. Determine the IUPAC name‚ common name and structure of an alkanes‚ alkenes and cycloalkanes. Identify the physical properties of alkanes. Describe briefly natural sources and importance of alkanes Describe reactions of alkanes Propose a mechanism on free radicals substitution 4. 5. 6. Describe the preparation and reactions of alkenes. 7. Propose mechanism on preparation; dehydration of alcohol 8. Define carbocation
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is growing steadily and has reached almost 600 KTA which is expected to increase further by another 400 KTA by the end of 12th 5 year plan. There is a need for capacity expansion for Benzene. The primary source for benzene supply is reformate or toluene transalkylation based production units which accounted for about 400 KTA and 620 KTA of capacity respectively. Lower purity Benzene from coke ovens also accounts for small amount of supply addition. A new aromatic complex with Benzene capacity of
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CHM 2210L-009 Experiment 1: Simple and Fractional Distillation of a Binary Mixture Aim: The aim of this experiment is to perform a simple and a fractional distillation and separate a mixture containing two liquids‚ cyclohexane and toluene. Post Lab: At any given temperature a liquid is in equilibrium with its vapor. This equilibrium is described by the vapor pressure of the liquid. The vapor pressure is the pressure that the molecules at the surface of the liquid
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70° C. The final sample temperature for the fractional distillation was 79° C. One microliter of sample was injected into the gas chromatograph. “Typical response factors for the possible components are as follows: hexane (1.50)‚ cyclohexane (1.80)‚ heptane (1.63)‚ toluene (1.41)‚ ethyl benzene (1.00).” DISCUSSION Table 1 Simple Distillation Boiling Points | 1st Drop | 67° C | .5 mL | 69° C | 1.0 mL | 71° C | 3.5 mL | 80.5° C | Table 2 Fractional Distillation Boiling Points |
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REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS Vanessa P. Manibpel De La Salle University - Dasmariñas ABSTRACT Five substances namely Hexane‚ Eugenol‚ Unknown hydrocarbon 1‚ Unknown hydrocarbon 2‚ and Acetylene gas was used for the selective reactivity of hydrocarbons to functional group tests; Bayer’s test‚ Bromine test light‚ Bromine test dark‚ and Tollen’s test. In Bayer’s test‚ only Acetylene‚ Eugenol and Unknown hydrocarbon 2 reacted positively and the rest retain the purplish color of KMnO4. On the other hand
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the boiling point versus the volume of distillate in the simple distillation experiments‚ what can you conclude about the purity of your product? Product not very pure. No distinct line to know when one begins and one ends. Distillation of cyclohexane and toluene crossed over into the other’s range. Would need to perform more distillations to better purify the solvents. 5. What is the effect on the boiling point of a solution (e.g. water) produced by a soluble non-volatile substance (e.g. sodium chloride)
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