Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin were peers at King’s College. Franklin had discovered that DNA could crystallize into two different forms‚ an A form and a B form. The technique with which Wilkins and Franklin set out to do is called X-ray crystallography. With this technique a crystal is exposed to x-rays in order to produce a diffraction pattern. If the crystal is pure enough and the diffraction pattern is developed very carefully‚ it is possible to reconstruct the positions of the atoms in the
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Famous Chemists and What They Discovered Svante Arrhenius (1859 -1927) - He was initially a physicist but more popular as a chemist because‚ he was the one who proposed the equation now known as the Arrhenius equation. He was also one of the first chemists who proposed that when in a solution the salt dissociates into ions even in the absence of an electric current. Amedeo Avogadro (1776 - 1856) - He is known for proposing the Avogadro’s Law which states that‚ "Equal volumes of gases contain
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structure. Franklin’s expertise in X-ray crystallography led to the infamous “Photo 51.” This photo was the deciding factor in what Watson and Crick were theorizing in their own studies. “Photo 51” was shared with the two scientists without permission by Franklin’s said to be colleague‚ Maurice Williams. Without Rosalind Franklin’s photo‚ who knows what kind of discoveries were to arise? IN THE BEGINNINGS... Franklin was born
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Dorothy Hodgkin was one who always liked doing the impossible and living the edge on science. During her lifetime she made not one‚ but five discoveries. Each discovery was more complex than the other. Dorothy was born on May 12‚ 1910 in Cairo‚ Egypt. She was a scientist that spent her life studying different kinds of crystals. At the age of ten‚ she became interested in chemistry and crystal. This interest was encouraged by Dr. A.F. Joseph. Dr. A.F. Joseph was a friend of her parents in the Sudan
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At some point‚ as he recalled in one interview‚ he was given a textbook on crystallography with a suggestion to read it. “I do not need to read it‚ I teach this book‚ I know what is in it” – he replied. But he was eventually distanced
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specific three dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules is referred to as molecular geometry. We also define molecular geometry as the positions of the atomic nuclei in a molecule. There are various instrumental techniques such as X-Ray crystallography and other experimental techniques which can be used to tell us where the atoms are located in a molecule. Using advanced techniques‚ very complicated structures for proteins‚ enzymes‚ DNA‚ and RNA have been determined. Molecular geometry is associated
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The story of Rosalind Franklin is a fascinating one‚ not purely because of her work with X-ray crystallography and DNA molecules‚ but rather in large part to an exciting race between her and two Cambridge students named James Watson and Francis Crick to see who could determine the correct function of a DNA molecule. Rosalind was born in London on July 25th‚ 1920 to a wealthy Jewish banking family. Rosalind wasn’t like the other kids. While most kids loved to play pretend and girls especially were
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Introduction Rational drug design is a process essentially finding out how an infective agent works against a cell and using that information to design a drug that prevents the infective agent from being able to do what it does. Influenza viruses are continually changing into new strains. The proteins in their outer layer change continually. Our bodies learn to defend against one influenza virus‚ but the next time we are infected with an influenza virus it is different from the previous one and
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She discovered how x-rays crystallography can be used to determine the structure of proteins. She assisted Bernal as he applied the technique to pepsin‚ the first time this method was used in analyzing a biological substance. In‚ 1932 Dorothy began her career in Cambridge working in the lab of John Desmond Bernal. John Bernal was a true pioneer in the early days of X-ray crystallography‚ and was consistently pushing the boundaries of the possible ways of
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DISCIPLINE OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY BY: xxxxxxx Introduction A drug is a substance that we used mostly in our daily lives. It is a chemical substance with physiological effects when ingested or introduced into our bodies. The response produce can either be beneficial or harmful. Toxins and poisons can be classified as drugs. This report the term ‘drug’ is for medicinal or pharmaceutical purposes. Drugs used to prevent or treat diseases. Drug design
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