With the advances in technology‚ aging of the population and the steady progress in the field of biological sciences‚ treatment of diseases and protection against pathogens have become more complex than ever. Technology sheds light on how to treat diseases‚ thus different quantitative experimental techniques and mathematical analyses for improving biological research are available‚ yet healthcare costs are skyrocketing‚ and the knowledge on how macromolecules work and how cells regulate gene expression
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RESEARCH PROPOSAL THE STUDY ON DI-POTASSIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE AND SODIUM NITRATE AS ALTERNATIVE ADMIXTURES IN FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER. By: NOR HANIM BINTI KHIYON Supervisor’s Name : DR ANDRI KUSBIANTORO 1.0 INTRODUCTION Geopolymer paste is created by combining fly ash‚ which contains alumino-silicate source‚ with a strong alkaline solution. Geopolymer concrete has significant advantages over standard concretes such as resistance to corrosion and fire‚ high
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1859 Charles Darwin published the "On the Origin of Species"‚ introducing that genetic evolution allowed adaptation over time to produce organisms best suited to the environment 1865 Gregor Mendel investigated "traits" passed from parents to prodigy and coined the terms dominant and recessive traits 1869 Johann Meisher isolated DNA from the nuclei of white blood cells 1875 Charles Darwin introduced "gemmules" as mechanism of inheritance 1902 Walter Sutton created
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term X-ray is metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image produced using this method‚ in addition to the method itself. Since the wavelengths of hard X-rays are similar to the size of atoms they are also useful for determining crystal structures by X-ray crystallography. By contrast‚ soft X-rays are easily absorbed in air and the attenuation length of 600 eV (~2 nm) X-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer. History Discovery German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen is usually credited as the discoverer of X-rays
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The Central Dogma. This hypothesis was described by Crick in 1958. In 1953‚ Watson and Crick were the first to determine the true crystalline structure of DNA‚ using model building and then X-ray crystallography. Once the DNA structure was determined‚ the mechanisms behind inheritance‚ information flow‚ and gene function fell into place. Overall the flow of information is depicted as: DNA --> RNA --> protein. Both DNA and RNA can be replicated (i.e. DNA is synthesized from DNA‚ and RNA from RNA)
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The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes Enzymes are Effective Biological Catalyst Catalysis- speeds up metabolism to allow production of products. Enzymes- Highly specific and most efficient catalyst that speeds up metabolism or rate of reaction in organisms by factor up to 10^20 (globular proteins) Nonenzymatic catalyst- enhance by 10^2 -10^4 Ribozymes- acts for catalytic activity in RNA’s Kinetics versus Thermodynamics Standard free energy change- difference between the energies of the reactants
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Trigonometry Trigonometry (from Greek trigōnon "triangle" + metron "measure"[1]) is a branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between the lengths of their sides and the angles between those sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions‚ which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclicalphenomena‚ such as waves. The field evolved during the third century BC as a branch of geometry used extensively for astronomical studies.[2] It is also the
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Campbell’s Biology‚ 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules In Chapter 5‚ the principles of chemistry covered in earlier chapters are applied to the understanding of biological polymers and lipid membranes. The emphasis is on properly linking monomers and their polymers‚ and on the structural and functional diversity of the different polymer types. Particular attention is given to protein structure‚ because this is central to understanding subsequent
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Inorganica Chimica Acta 357 (2004) 3825–3835 www.elsevier.com/locate/ica Synthesis‚ crystal structures‚ and molecular hyperpolarizabilities of a new Schiff base ligand‚ and its copper(II)‚ nickel(II)‚ and cobalt(II) metal complexes Pascal G. Lacroix a b a‚* ‚ Frdric Averseng a‚ Isabelle Malfant a‚ Keitaro Nakatani e e b Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS‚ 205 route de Narbonne‚ 31077 Toulouse‚ France PPSM‚ Ecole Normale Suprieure de Cachan‚ URA 1906‚ Avenue du Pdt Wilson
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Agarose Gel Electophoresis of DNA Topoisomers Introduction DNA can exist as different isomers that change the confirmation of the DNA’s structure. DNA can be in a linear confirmation this is a relaxed confirmation as the DNA can rotate about its axis unconstrained. It can also exist as a nicked circle this is also a relaxed confirmation as the DNA strands can again rotate freely with respect to one another. Covalently closed circular DNA or cccDNA exists as a supercoil this is because the covalent
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