INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 1. Covering and protection 2. Secretion (cutaneous gland) 3. Excretion of metabolic wastes (cutaneous gland) 4. Sensation (presence of nerve endings and tacticle) 5. Respiration – in frog 6. Absorption – in frog 7. Regulation of body temperature HOMOIOTHERMOUS ANIMALS- warm blooded animals or those with regulated body temperature because of their heat-conserving body. POIKILOTHERMOUS ANIMALS - cold blooded animals whose body temperature closely follows
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Research A Review of Strategies to Decrease the Duration of Indwelling Urethral Catheters and Potentially Reduce the Incidence of CatheterAssociated Urinary Tract Infections Michael S. Bernard‚ Kathleen F. Hunter‚ and Katherine N. Moore I ndwelling urinary catheters are widely used in hospitalized patients and can be an appropriate means of therapeutic management under specific circumstances. However‚ many indwelling urinary catheters are used without clear indications (Gokula‚ Hickner
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When it penetrates a break in the surface‚ it induces an immune response that involves hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. For example‚ when it reaches the gut‚ it induces what is clinically referred to as enterocolitis‚ or infection of the digestive tract (Suzuki‚ 1994). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)‚ just like other S. aureus strains avoids such immune response through catalase‚ which efficiently breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. This activity of the catalase in the escape
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of administration that involves the alimentary tract. The four enteral routes of administration include the mouth‚ sublingual‚ buccal and rectal. Parenteral refers to routes of administration outside of or beside of the alimentary tract. The parenteral route includes intravascular (IV)‚ Intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) routes of administration. The parenteral routes are used for drugs that are poorly absorbed or that are unstable in the GI tract. The parenteral routes are used in unconscious
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both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease‚ although such inflammation can have very different effects on the colon. While inflammation is similar to both conditions‚ the nature of the inflammation as well as its location in the gastrointestinal tract and its spread and penetration of the mucosal lining of the colon determines the ultimate diagnosis. Another similarity shared between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is that the condition often comes in waves‚ often known as outbreaks or surges
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contraindicated in patients that present with bowel perforation. Performing ERCP in these patients may result in potentially fatal consequences. Relative indications to the procedure include anatomical abnormalities of the upper gastrointestinal tract (i.e. esophagus‚ stomach and duodenum). Anatomical abnormalities include‚ but are not limited to strictures‚ herniation‚ volvulus and obstruction. Patients with coagulopathies and those who present with acute pancreatitis are also placed into this
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involved in the r-like sounds (taps and trills)‚ and the sibilancy of fricatives. The concept of manner is mainly used in discussion of consonants‚ although the movement of the articulators will also greatly alter the resonant properties of the vocal tract‚ thereby changing the formant structure of speech sounds that is crucial for the identification of vowels. For consonants‚ the place of articulation and the degree of phonation of voicing are considered separately from manner‚ as being independent
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The principal structure of the digestive system is an irregular tube‚ open at both ends‚ called the alimentary (al-i-MEN-tar-ee) canal or the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the adult‚ this hollow tube is about 9 meters (29 feet) long Think of the tube as a passageway that extends through the body like a hallway through a building. Food must be broken down or digested and then absorbed through the walls of the digestive tube before it can actually enter the body and be used by cells The teeth
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virus (RSV) is a virus that causes respiratory tract infections. The Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)‚ discovered in 1956‚ is capable of causing a broad spectrum of illnesses. In 1956‚ Morris and colleagues initially isolated RSV from chimpanzees with upper respiratory tract (URT) infections as the causative agent of most epidemic bronchiolitis cases. Subsequently‚ Channock et al (1956) associated this agent with bronchiolitis and lower respiratory tract (LRT) infection in infants. Since then‚ multiple
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functioning of the GI tract. The GI tract initiates the digestive system by triggering mechanical and chemical stimuli that can be detected by chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. The activation of the digestive system can be either extrinsic or intrinsic; nervous or hormonal. The enteric nervous system is responsible for the short and long reflexes of the digestive system. The short reflexes control smooth muscle contractions and glandular secretions of the digestive tract. Long reflexes have to
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