English Grammar in Conversation Geoffrey Leech DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND MODERN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LANCASTER UNIVERSITY‚ LANCASTER LA1 4YT‚ UK A thorough description of spoken English grammar is felt to be overdue. After all‚ spoken language has largely been neglected by grammatical tradition; the word grammar itself descends from the classical Greek word for writing. The grammarian ’s bias towards the written language remains strong today‚ and is reflected in such terminology as ’left
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acquisition. Two of the techniques that are popularly used are: Grammar Translation Method and Direct Method of Learning Vocabulary. Hypothesis Critically comparing both the methods‚ it can be stated that neither of these are dominant over another because they are appropriate for a specific type of students where Grammar Translation Method is appropriate for primary
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An article discussing the grammar-translation approach to language learning. At the height of the Communicative Approach to language learning in the 1980s and early 1990s it became fashionable in some quarters to deride so-called "old-fashioned" methods and‚ in particular‚ something broadly labelled "Grammar Translation". There were numerous reasons for this but principally it was felt that translation itself was an academic exercise rather than one which would actually help learners to use language
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The Grammar-Translation Method As “modern” languages began to enter the curriculum of European schools in the eighteenth century‚ they were taught using the same basic procedures that were used for teaching Latin. Textbooks consisted of statements of abstract grammar rules‚ lists of vocabulary‚ and sentences for translation. Speaking the foreign language was not the goal‚ and oral practice was limited to students reading aloud the sentences they had translated. These sentences were constructed to
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make written grammar errors comparable to Folse (2009)‚ “20 common errors made by native speakers” (p. 39). Therefore‚ when tasked with distinguishing native speakers and “ELL grammar errors” quiz (p. 4)‚ I completely missed the possessive “students’” in number 10. On the other hand‚ I was able to detect ELL grammar errors contributing this success to my frequent interaction with immigrant populations. The most apparent being word order errors. Receiving a low score in the “ELL grammar knowledge” quiz
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OK. Today‚ we will discuss grammar teaching. This chapter includes 5 titles. The first one is: A) Introducing Grammar This part of the chapter gives us examples and principles on how to introduce a grammatical function or a grammatical structure. Examples given here are actually based on inductive methods of grammar teaching. First I want to give you a brief comparison of inductive and traditional methods of grammar teaching. Traditional Method: 1- It defines rules and exceptions at the first
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According to Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary‚ grammar is "the study of the classes of words‚ their inflections‚ and their functions and relations in the sentence." After studying grammar‚ however‚ it is apparent that grammar also creates‚ maintains‚ and communicates meaning during interaction. Thus‚ one must look more deeply at individual words as well at whole pieces of a work or conversation in order to truly understand their meaning. Most people are aware of the denotative meanings of words
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GRAMMAR TEACHING PROBLEMS Grammar is the study of rules governing the use of language‚ and it includes the study of phonology‚ phonetics‚ morphology‚ semantics‚ syntax‚ and pragmatics. Understanding the rules and function of grammar is an integral part of good writing‚ but many students find the study of it to be boring and difficult. There are many ways to teach grammar to students that can fun and interesting. Many people‚ including language teachers‚ hear the word "grammar" and think of a fixed
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GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD History The Grammar Translation Method is an old method which was originally used to teach dead languages which explains why it focuses mainly on the written form at the expense of the oral form. It was designed according to the faculty psychology approach which was very popular during the 18th and 19th century. It contended that ” mental discipline was essential for strengthening the powers of the mind”. The way to do this was through learning classical literature
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E C T U R E 3 Context-Free Grammars 1 Where are Context-Free Grammars (CFGs) Used? CFGs are a more powerful formalism than regular expressions. They are more powerful in the sense that whatever can be expressed using regular expressions can be expressed using grammars (short for context-free grammars here)‚ but they can also express languages that do not have regular expressions. An example of such a language is the set of well-matched parenthesis. Grammars are used to express syntactic rules
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