WATER OUR LIFELINE Water is a transparent fluid which forms the world’s streams‚ lakes‚ oceans and rain‚ and is the major constituent of the fluids of living things. As a chemical compound‚ a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are connected by covalent bonds. Water covers 71% of the Earth’s surface.[1] It is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth‚ 96.5% of the planet’s water is found in seas and oceans‚ 1.7% in groundwater‚ 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica
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Practical 4 Determination Of Fruit Firmness Introduction The development of sensors to measure fruit internal quality variable is one of the challenges of post – harvest technology. Several variables can currently be measured‚ including sugar content‚ firmness and internal disorders. Fruit quality is related to both internal variables (firmness‚ sugar content‚ acid content and internal effect) and external variables (shape‚ size‚ external defects and damage). Increasing consumer demand for high
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Topic : Determination of the amount of dissolved oxygen in a water sample by iodometry-the winkler’s method. Objective: To determine the amount of dissolved oxygen in a water sample by iodometry- the winkler’s method. Apparatus: volumetric pipette‚ 3 conical flask‚ burette‚ burette clamp‚ Pasteur pipette‚ reagent bottle‚ conical flask stopper‚ retord stand‚ white tile Materials: 2 ml manganese sulphate solution‚ 2 ml alkaline-iodine solution‚ 0.025M sodium thiosulphate solution‚ 2ml concentration
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EXPERIMENT 11: DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN A WATER SAMPLE (WINKLER METHOD) INTRODUCTION In an alkaline solution‚ dissolved oxygen will oxidize manganese(II) to the trivalent state. 8OH-(aq) + 4Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) －－＞ 4Mn(OH)3(s) The analysis is completed by titrating the iodine produced from potassium iodide by manganese(III) hydroxide. 2Mn(OH)3(s) + 2I-(aq) + 6 H+(aq) －－＞ 2Mn2+(aq) + I2(aq) + 6H2O(l) Sodium thiosulphate is used as the titrant. Success of the method is critically
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INDEX TOPIC PAGE NO 1 Abstract 3 2 Current status of Indian Bond Market 3 3 All about Yield curve 5 4 Behavior of bond yields- Case by Case basis 7 5 Data Calculations and Conclusions 11 6 Literature Review 15 7 References 17 Abstract This paper examines the determinants of the bond yields in India using daily data from Feb 20‚ 2013 through March 30‚ 2014‚ to be precise 300 working days. The
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Findings Analysis to determine the sex of our case study AFA was done using a physical exam karyotyping and PCR-based sex testing. The results from our physical exams on AFA showed well-developed female external genitalia‚ presence of breasts‚ no menstrual cycle‚ and no facial or chest hair. This led to a conclusion that AFA is a sterile female. The results from the Karyotype Analysis showed presence of 22 pairs of autosomes chromosomes and two X’s revealing that she is female. Lastly the PCR-based
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drinking water samples from different places using four of the standard drinking water tests required by the EPA. The experiment will be performed by a four person group‚ with each person providing a different water sample. The four tests to be performed are: pH‚ conductivity‚ phenolphthalein and total alkalinity‚ and total and non-carbonate hardness. Data from these four tests will be gathered and analyzed‚ drawing conclusions “about the validity of the data as well as the quality of water” (Kippenhan
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DETERMINATION OF FRUIT ACIDS BY TITRATION AND CALCULATION OF THE SUGAR/ACID RATIO It is the sugar/acid ratio which contributes towards giving many fruits their characteristic flavour and so is an indicator of commercial and organoleptic ripeness. At the beginning of the ripening process the sugar/acid ratio is low‚ because of low sugar content and high fruit acid content‚ this makes the fruit taste sour. During the ripening process the fruit acids are degraded‚ the sugar content increases and
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Sheet - I (Water Treatment) 1 What are the specifications of water for various industries? 2. Why does hard water consume a lot of soap? 3. What is the difference between soft and sterilized water? 4. State chemical reactions‚ which remove bicarbonate hardness and justify your answer 5. Why is NH3-NH4Cl buffer added in the determination of hardness of water? 6. Discuss which of the following substances will increase‚ decrease or have no effect on the hardness of water: Ca (OH)2
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Determination of Equilibrium Constants Introduction Bromothymol blue is an indicator for many acid-base titrations. When adding different solutions within the indicator it is to react and change colors‚ in this experiment the different colors were blue‚ green‚ and yellow. In the following experiment‚ obtaining the absorbance levels for each one makes it possible to calculate the equilibrium constant. Materials and Methods For this specific experiment there are a few materials that are crucial
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