from the book Marx and human nature by Norman Geras. In the second chapter Norman Geras deals with the human nature and historical materialism. Although many Marxists denied Marx’s theory of human nature that there was a human nature to be found in Marx’s words‚ there is in fact a Marxist conception of human nature which remains‚ to some degree‚ constant throughout history and across social boundaries. The sixth of the Theses on Feuerbach provided the basics for this interpretation of Marx according
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Aristotle: On Interpretation vs. Bertrand Russell: “On the Relations of Universals and Particulars” In 384 B.C.‚ Aristotle was born in the city of Stagira‚ Greece‚ and after the passing of his father Nicomachus‚ whom was king of Macedonia’s personal physician‚ at a young age‚ Proxenus of Atarneus became Aristole’s new guardian. Aristotle began school at Plato’s Academy in Athens when he was around 18 years old‚ and he studied there until he was about 37 years old‚ which was shortly after the time
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Exploring the Concepts of Karl Marx and Mao Tse-Tung Karl Marx believed that in an industrialized society‚ the working class‚ known as the proletariat would revolt and take over the ruling class‚ and would in effect‚ create a classless society. Karl Marx believed this could only happen in an industrialized society. Once it became apparent that the working class would not rise above‚ Lenin intervened and confirmed Marxism obsolete in Russia. Since the late 1920’s the Chinese Communist Party has
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the subject in question. Yet there is something within Marx’s essay‚ Alienated Labor‚ that is able to communicate directly to working people laboring even over one-hundred and fifty years subsequent to its publication. There is good reason for this: Marx elucidated a theory of labor in which workers become subservient to the objects they produce‚ a theory where people are not exalted by their labor‚ but devalued by it. Marx’s concept of alienated labor describes the internal conflict and disparity
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Introduction In this essay I will discuss Marx’s conception of social class with the reference to the bases for class struggle‚ social class and class consciousness and try to find if this conception can provide the framework to understand the South African society. Context Social Class According to Marx’s view‚ “There are two main social clusters: a subject class and a ruling class” (Haralambos and Holborn: 37)‚ a ruling class is the bourgeoisie and a subject class is the proletariat. The bourgeoisie
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The Enlightenment The 17th century was torn by witch-hunts and wars of religion and imperial conquest. Protestants and Catholics denounced each other as followers of Satan‚ and people could be imprisoned for attending the wrong church‚ or for not attending any. All publications‚ whether pamphlets or scholarly volumes‚ were subject to prior censorship by both church and state‚ often working hand in hand. Slavery was widely practiced‚ especially in the colonial plantations of the Western Hemisphere
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Furthermore‚ Marx analyzes the dialectic of private property which political economy regards as homogeneous. There are generally two kinds of property according to Marx‚ one that involves the labour of producers themselves to render it alienable‚ meaning it can be sold or exchanged‚ and the other which is maintained by exploiting the labour of others (Marx‚ 1990‚ p.930). The two forms of private property are the antithesis of one another and when one converts to the other‚ consumers who were once
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Comparison of Karl Marx and Matthew Arnold Through their writing‚ Karl Marx and Matthew Arnold show their opposing views on the importance of internal and external functions of culture. In the first chapter of Culture and Anarchy‚ "Sweetness and Light"‚ Arnold describes culture as being responsible for the progress of politics and society and as "the best knowledge and thought of the time" (19). Matthew Arnold’s culture is based on two main aspects‚ religion and education. Karl Marx‚ however
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Compare and contrast Marx and Weber’s analyses of the development of capitalism Capitalism is defined as ‘An economic and political system in which a country ’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.’ It is based on the division between two classes‚ one of which owns the labour of the other. Not only do the upper classes‚ or the bourgeoisie‚ own the means of physical production but also the means of ‘mental production’. They control and manipulate society through the rule
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Can Superior and Inferior People Become Complete Friends? This paper examines whether inferior and superior people can be friends based on complete friendship according to Aristotle. First‚ I will clarify the definition of a complete friendship and what it entails. Secondly‚ I will explain the different types of equal and unequal friendships in accordance with complete friendship. Then I will show how different levels of affection follow the forms of inequality and how a sort of equality can
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