different quality material from standard; Buying materials from a non‑usual source due to urgency; Utilising different labour from standard; Price changes due to economic conditions; scarcity of supplies; Choosing to incur additional discretionary fixed costs; More (or less) overtime hours used than budgeted. 2. Efficiency/usage/quantity variances: Standard is out of date‚ set without due care; Inefficient use of material/labour‚ deliberate or otherwise; Poor supervision/equipment/maintenance.Changes
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Cost Why Choose Solar Energy? What is Solar Energy? Solar Energy is radiant energy emitted by the sun that has been harnessed by humans to use for power. The first solar power station was set up around 1913 in Egypt by an American engineer Franc Shuman. His model was simply a predecessor to those of which are in use today that convert Sun’s rays directly into power. Solar panel’s works by using the photovoltaic effect‚ the photovoltaic effect involves a creation of voltage or electric current
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THE MANAGEMENT OF OVERHEAD COSTS IN CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES Brian Eksteen1 and David Rosenberg² ¹Professor of Construction Management‚ Faculty of Economic and Building Sciences‚ University of Port Elizabeth‚ P.O. Box 1600‚ Port Elizabeth‚ 6000‚ South Africa ²Senior Lecturer in Cost and Management Accounting‚ Faculty of Economic and Building Sciences‚ University of Port Elizabeth‚ P.O. Box 1600‚ Port Elizabeth‚ 6000‚ South Africa Costs not directly attributable to or recoverable from production
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make long-term investments in new product lines‚ new equipment and other assets‚ managers must know the cost of obtaining funds to acquire these assets. The cost associated with different sources of funds is called the cost of capital. . If the business earns more than its cost of capital‚ the market value of the business will increase. Likewise‚ if returns on long-term investments are below the cost of capital‚ market values will decline. Therefore‚ how we manage capital is extremely important to fulfilling
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ENTERPRISE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF JV "COCA-COLA ALMATY BOTTLERS" LLP) Prepared by: TANYA DIMURINA LYAZZAT RYATOVA GABIDA SANDYBEKOVA RUSTAM SHAEKIN ASEL SHAUENOVA Almaty 2005 THE TABLE OF CONTENT _3INTRODUCTION �_ _4CHAPTER 1. ESSENCE OF ADVERTISING AND ITS BASIC CHARACTERISTICS �_ 41.1. CONCEPT OF ADVERTISING AND TYPES OF ADVERTISING � 61.2 THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF ADVERTISING ACTIVITY AT THE COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE � _8CHAPTER 2. ADVERTISING ACTIVITY OF JV "COCA-COLA ALMATY BOTTLERS" LLP �_ 82
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customers. • In addition to the insight that you’ll gain into customer needs‚ market-research studies can help you avoid costly mistakes‚ such as introducing an unpopular line of goods or developing a service that no one really wants Example • Coca-Cola ’s introduction of New Coke in the 1980s demonstrates what happens when decisions aren ’t supported by solid research. Coke revised the formula of its traditional brand of soft drink and lost millions in sales. By performing a study and determining
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Cost of Capital Definition: cost of capital is the rate of return that a company must earn on its project investments to maintain its market value and attract funds. The cost of capital to a company is the minimum rate of return that is must earn on its investments in order to satisfy the various categories of investors‚ who have made investments in the form of shares ‚ debentures and loans. The cost of capital in operational terms refers to the discount rate that would be used in determining the
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P 69‚994. If the cost of making a forging is P 56 per unit and its selling price is P 135 per forged unit‚ find the number of unit to be forged to break-even. Solution: Let: x = number of units to be forged to break-even Income = 135x Expenses = 69‚994 + 56x To break-even: Income = Expenses 135x = 69‚994 + 56x 79x =69‚994 x = 886 units Steel drum manufacturer incurs a yearly fixed operating cost of $ 200‚000. Each drum manufactured costs $ 160 to produce and
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Managing Cost of Quality: Insight into Industry Practice Andrea Schiffauerova *‚ Vince Thomson ** * École Polytechnique de Montréal‚ Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering‚ Montreal ** Department of Mechanical Engineering‚ McGill University‚ Montreal‚ Canada Article Reference: Schiffauerova‚ A. and Thomson‚ V.‚ “Managing cost of quality: Insight into industry practice”‚ The TQM Magazine‚ 2006 Abstract This paper reports on the study of the quality costing practices at four large
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Introduction The Coca Cola Company one of the most popular soft drinks manufacturers in the world. Founded by Dr. John Styth Pemberton‚ who produced the cola flavoured syrup which is mixed with carbonated water. The beverage was first sold through a soda fountain in a Jacob’s pharmacy; Atlanta‚ Georgia. In 1893‚ seven years after first being invented‚ when Coca cola was registered with the United States Patent office. Today 10450 soft drink manufactured by the Coca Cola company are consumed every
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