INTRODUCTION Pakistan State Oil (PSO) is the oil market leader in Pakistan enjoying over 78.2% share of Black Oil market and 54.3% share of White Oil market. It is engaged in import‚ storage‚ distribution and marketing of various POL products‚ including Mogas‚ Diesel‚ Fuel Oil‚ Jet Fuel‚ Kerosene‚ LPG‚ CNG and petro-chemicals. This blue chip company‚ the winner of "Karachi Stock Exchange Top Companies Award" and a member of World Economic Forum‚ has been a popular topic of case studies in Pakistan
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Lab 5 The Diffraction Grating Chinua McDonald Objective: To measure the wavelength of light with a diffraction grating. Theory: The two types of diffraction gratings are the transmission and reflection gratings. They are made by ruling on a piece of glass or metal a number of evenly spaced lines with a fine diamond point. Diffraction phenomena can be analyzed in terms of Huygens’ principle‚ according to which every point on the wave front of a wave should be considered as a source
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Experiment 8: Identification of an Adulterated Herb The purpose of this lab is to analyze the volatile oils of some herbs through TLC testing and then identify the adulterant in a sample. Unfortunately‚ we ran out of time to complete the lab; however‚ we were able to get through most of it‚ and were only missing the adulterant. The first step to identify our unknown samples was to create TLC plates that should results with each known compound and 95% hexane: 5% ethyl acetate‚ 90% hexane: 10%
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Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil Introduction: In this lab the synthesis‚ purification‚ and characterization of isoamyl acetate‚ or banana oil‚ was determined. The synthesis was completed by a reversible esterification reaction which required the heating of glacial acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol‚ combined with a sulfuric acid catalyst in hexane. In order to increase the efficiency of the reaction‚ LeChatelier’s Principle is utilized by removing water from the products. As a result‚ the reaction
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The movie‚ "Lorenzo’s Oil"‚ was about a family that found out that their son had been diagnosed with a rare‚ genetic disorder of which was considered incurable. The sex-linked disorder ALD‚ passed on by the x-chromosome‚ of which is usually accompanied by the unfortunate fate of death‚ has also been known to bring forth muteness‚ blindness‚ comas‚ seizures‚ and deafness. With no known cure for ALD‚ or any possible way of escaping its final result (death)‚ doctors would use a special treatment to
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indicated by a very pale pink color. To calculate the molarity of NaOH‚ the following equation was used MNaOH x VNaOH = MKHP x VKHP therefore the molarity was .125 M. INTRODUCTION This lab experiment covers the preparation of standard solution and the acid/base titration. The first part of the lab is to prepare a standard solution of Potassium hydrogen per. A standard solution is a solution of known concentration‚ in which it is prepared using exacting techniques to make sure that the molarity
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Moment of Inertia and Rotational Motion Garret Hebert PHY 2311 Tues 1:00 garret.hebert@hindscc.edu Abstract: During this lab we will study what rotational Inertia is and how different shapes of masses and different masses behave inertially when compared to each other. We will specifically study the differences of inertia between a disk and a ring. We will use increasing forces to induce angular acceleration of both a disk and a ring of a certain mass. We will then then measure the differences
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Lab 5: Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil September 20th‚ 2012 Purpose: The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize banana oil (isopentyl acetate.) Ester are often prepared by the Fischer esterification method‚ which involves heating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. Theory: Synthesize isopentyl acetate by combining isopentyl alcohol with acetic acid and sulfuric acid and then heating the reaction mixture under reflux for an hour. The alcohol
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OIL AND WEAR PARTICLE ANLYSIS Abstract: Oil and wear particle analysis is a very powerful tool used to monitor and assess the health of a machine. Since the lubricant in a machine passes through all the internal parts that can wear‚ it is vital to maintain the quality of the lubricant thought oil analysis. Furthermore the presence of wear particles that are deposited in the oil can give a good indication of the wear material and the possible location of the abnormal wear
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Bioremediation Methods for Oil Spills Contents I. Introduction II. History of Bioremediation 1. ‘Courtship’ Period (Pre-1989) 2. ‘Honeymoon’ Period (1989-1991) 3. ‘Establishment’ Period (since 1992) III. The Biological and Chemical Processes of Bioremediation 1. Biodegradation a. Biological Process b. Degrading Species c. Chemical Process d. Need for Bioremediation 2. Bioremediation a. Seeding with Microbial Cultures b. Environmental Modification
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