Describe the role of the citric acid cycle as a central metabolic mechanism. Explain what happens to the cells’ abilities to oxidize acetyl CoA when intermediates of the cycle are drained off for amino acid biosynthesis. Glucose is a source of energy that is metabolized into glycolysis to pyruvate yielding ATP. To become more efficient‚ pyruvate must be oxidized into carbon dioxide and water. This combustion of carbon dioxide and water to generate ATP is called cellular respiration (Tymoczko‚
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Acidity’s effects on Fruit Browning Aim: To test whether the acidity of the surface area of an apple has an effect on the rate of enzymatic browning over 70 minutes. Hypothesis: the more acidic the surface area the longer it takes for the fruit to oxidise. Variables: Independent: acidity of surface area of the apple Dependent: the progression of melanin (brown pigment) after 70 minutes Controlled/fixed: time of day‚ knife used to cut fruit‚ portion of fruit‚ environment
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To detect an acid‚ the scientists use indicators. Litmus is one indicator. An acid turns blue‚ litmus red. Acids are a group of chemicals with very similar properties. An acid is a sour-tasting substance. Lemons taste sour because they contain citric acid. The sour milk contains lactic acid while the sour taste of vinegar is due to acetic acid. Acetic acid‚ which is an ingredient of vinegar‚ releases only a limited number of ions and is not a strong acid. All these are weak acids. This is the reason
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Distinguished ladies and gentlemen. Acid rain is becoming a widespread problem around the world. The amount of acid in rain has dramatically increased in the past decade in certain areas like America and Europe by 70%. How is it caused? It is formed by the chemicals in the process of burning fossil fuels mixing with the moisture in the Earth’s atmosphere. Acid rain come in two forms‚ wet and dry. Dry deposition‚ a more accurate term for acid rain‚ can appear to be snow‚ hail or other dry particles
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Acid Rain Research Paper What is acid rain? Rain is one of the most dire and essential needs for a thriving ecosystem‚ and to sustain human‚ animal‚ and plant life. The water provided by the water cycle‚ the event causing rain‚ is required to keep all life on Earth alive. Rain‚ although naturally acidic‚ seems to have been increasing at a rapid rate due to many reasons. Some of these many reasons include‚ pollution. Pollution from homes‚ factories‚ power stations‚ cars‚ and many more
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Titration Lab How Much Citric Acid is in Your Soda? PURPOSE To determine the molarity (concentration) of citric acid (H3C6H5O7) in various different citrus flavored sodas. BACKGROUND PRINCIPLES Popular sodas all strive for a somewhat sour (’tart’) flavor and manufacturers utilize acids to impart this taste. While there are a vast variety of different brands of sodas on the market‚ they can be broken into two main categories: dark or clear. This differentiation is not only a simple color
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March 5‚ 2013 Biology 1111 Term Paper Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm outside the mitochondria‚ it is a metabolic pathway that is the breakdown of glucose (C6) and ends with 2 pyruvate (C3) molecules. Energy is invested to activate the glucose‚ 2 ATP are gained‚ and oxidation results in NADH‚ which will be used later for additional ATP production. Glycolysis is divided into (1) the energy-investment step‚ when ATP is used; and (2) the energy-harvesting
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through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is defined as the aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules. Cellular respiration occurs in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It has three main stages: glycolysis‚ the citric acid cycle‚ and electron transport. Stage one glycolysis means the “splitting of sugar”. Glycolysis is a six carbon glucose molecule which is then broken in half‚ forming two three carbon molecules. The initial split requires an energy investment of two
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anabolism‚ small precursor molecules are assembled into larger organic molecules. This always requires the input of energy. Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from precursors. This includes synthesis of proteins‚ carbohydrates‚ nucleic acids and lipids‚ usually from their building block monomers. Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into smaller precursors from which they are synthesized. It is a reversed process of anabolism. When cells have excess resources such as food
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is called a substrate. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html citric acid cycle enzyme lack It seems to me that enzymes with the suffixes dehydrogenase break up substances and sythetase combine substances to make new products (http://biochemistryatitsbest.wordpress.com/2013/04/06/cori-cycle-review/‚ n.d.) Anaerobic Glycolysis occurs when there is continuing muscle activity. This produces some ATP for
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