Water • Define the terms solute‚ solvent and solution • Solute: Substances dissolved by the solvent (or the component present in a lower amount) • Solvent: Substances in which solutes are dissolved (or the component present in a larger amount) • Solution: A homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances • 1.1.2. Identify the importance of water as a solvent. • Water is distributed in the biosphere‚ lithosphere‚ hydrosphere and atmosphere • On earth‚ it is distributed as a solid‚ liquid and gas
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process known as bonding. In chemistry there are various types of bonding. They are all a result of electrons interacting with each other. Atoms interact by transferring‚ sharing or rearranging their electrons in a way that allows them to achieve a full shell of electrons which makes the atom stable. In compounds‚ there are two main types of bonding; ionic bonding and covalent bonding. Ionic bonding is usually found in compounds of a metal and a non-metal. This type of bonding involves the complete
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4.02 chemistry notes Law of Conservation of Mass One of the most important principles of chemistry is the law of conservation of mass. This law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed during an ordinary chemical reaction. In other words‚ all of the atoms that were present at the beginning of a reaction are present at the end of the reaction—they have just been rearranged to bond differently and form new substances. It is important that chemical equations represent this law by always
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order to achieve electron stability. When dealing with bond formation (Ionic bonding for example) we need to analyse the outer shell of the atom. Metals usually present 1‚ 2 or 3 electrons in their outer shell therefore they have to give them away to achieve stability. Vice versa non-metals have 5‚ 6 or 7 electrons in their outer shell and they need to receive more electrons in the outer shell to be stable. 1.2 Ionic bonding occurs between metal and non-metal atoms and consists in gaining and losing
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BONDINGThis page introduces the bonding in metals. It explains how the metallic bond arises and why its strength varies from metal to metal.What is a metallic bond?Metallic bonding in sodiumMetals tend to have high melting points and boiling points suggesting strong bonds between the atoms. Even a metal like sodium (melting point 97.8°C) melts at a considerably higher temperature than the element (neon) which precedes it in the Periodic Table.Sodium has the electronic structure 1s22s22p63s1. When sodium
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dipoles we may derive electronegativity data useful for predicting the bond dipoles of bonds that may have never been made before. From these properties of bonds we will see that there are two fundamental types of bonds--covalent and ionic. Covalent bonding represents a situation of about equal sharing of the electrons between nuclei in the bond. Covalent bonds are formed between atoms of approximately equal electronegativity. Because each atom has near equal pull for the electrons in the bond‚ the electrons
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I) INTRODUCTION * Industrial Chemistry deals with the preparation of products from raw materials through the agency of chemical change * Chemistry is important to Industry by: * Regulating manufacturing processes * Quality Control * Research and Development * Sources of raw materials from the natural environment 1) Lithosphere –Earth’s Crust 2) Hydrosphere – Marine and Oceanic Environment 3) Atmosphere – Air 4) Plants – Biosphere * Classification of Natural
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Chemistry • Element – pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Made up of particles/atom of only one kind. Simplest pure substances. • Compounds – pure substances which contain two or more different elements. • Atom – smallest particle of an element. The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. • Chemical Group – the set of elements in the same column of the periodic table. These elements have similar physical and chemical properties
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C7 Further Chemistry OCR 21st Century: 2011 specification Made by Nabilah Chowdhury Copyrighted References: OCR 21st Century Further Sciences Book‚ CGP: OCR 21st century + various internet sources Topic 1: Green Industry Brief Intro 14/06/13 Natural resources are converted into useful products. Bulk chemicals produced on a large scale b/c there is a larger demand for them. Fine chemical are produced on a smaller scale. They’re used as feedstock’s
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ONE-SCHOOL.NET Short Notes: Form 5 Chemistry Rate or Reaction Calculation Rate of Reaction (Average Rate) Rates of reaction = Quantity change of reactants/products Total time for the reaction If the quantity change is immeasurable Rates of reaction = 1 Total time for the reaction Find the Rate From a Graph Average Rate Rates At an Instant The rate of reaction is equal to the slope of the graph The rate of reaction at an instant‚ t‚ is equal to the of quantity against
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