Fermentation Lab Introduction For bacteria and many single-celled protists fermentation is a common anaerobic pathway that the cells use to collect energy from carbohydrates to form ATP. The process for fermentation begins in the cytoplasm with a process called glycolysis‚ which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. When glycolysis is complete four ATP would be produced but the net yield would be two ATP taking into account the initial investment of two ATP
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I. Introduction Out of all the organelles there are two that have fascinated microbiologists for the past hundred years. The first is the mitochondria‚ nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell." The second is the chloroplast in plant cells that have functions similar to those of the mitochondria. What do these organelles do? What are the similarities and differences of these organelles? This essay will help you to understand these two fascinating organelles. II. Mitochondria Mitochondria
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Animal metabolism consists of the utilization of nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract and their catabolism as fuel for energy or their conversion into substances of the body. Metabolism is a continuous process because the molecules and even most cells of the body have brief lifetimes and are constantly replaced‚ while tissue as a whole maintains its characteristic structure. This constant rebuilding process without a net change in the amount of a cell constituent is known as dynamic equilibrium
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The Effect of pH on the Rate of Osmosis Using a Glucose Solution Melissa Werderitch Biology 157 11/6/06 Introduction In a journal article written by Florian Lang‚ osmosis is essentially explained as the flow of water from one area to another that are separated by a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of particles in the two locations (Lang‚ 1997). Osmosis is able to maintain osmotic pressure and regulate a cell’s volume. In a hypotonic () or hypertonic () environment
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In the 5000m race the runner must use all 3 energy systems ‚ which are ATP‚ aerobic and lactic acid systems to succeed as the race has different areas needed for their use‚ all 3 energy systems contribute regardless of the intensity or duration of the exercise. When the athlete comes to the starting line he/she most probably will want to make a dashing start to the race to tactically get a good starting position‚ so must get off the line‚ in the first 40-50m‚ as hard as he or she can. By getting
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Metabolic Rate of a Mouse Lab Write-Up A . The purpose of this experiment was to measure the oxygen consumption of a mouse in which I concluded that they would have less consumption considering their much smaller size. It turned out that they produced 60 O /min which means they use about 0.0024 cal/min or 3.5 cal/day. That is indeed less than the amount we humans use‚ but if the given the mass of a human‚ they would use 15‚ 313 cal/day which is more than the 2‚000 calories we use on an
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Introduction: Photosynthesis is a process to which some autotrophs such as plants produce their own food. It has two stages or reactions light-dependent and light-dependent reactions. The light dependent reactions are the first stage‚ where energy from sunlight is captures in Photosystem 2 and then 1‚ the electrons generated in Photosystem 1 then moves along the electron transport chain. The moving of electrons causes a hydrogen ion gradient that is used in the final step to produce ATP‚ by the
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Sir Safar Lecture 2 Finals Pentose Phosphate Pathway (S. 70) Alternative pathway for glucose oxidation. Similar to glycolysis‚ but instead of having pyruvate as the end product it is diverted to other pathways. Supplier of energy to the cell in the form of NADPH (a reducing power for biosynthesis). It is also referred to as hexose monophosphate shunt. *Fate of glucose 6-phosphate (G 6-P) IN THE PPP (S. 71) Taken out from glycolysis and converted into Ribulose 5-phosphate. With the conversion
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Microbiology Home Assignment Student Name: Aisha Mohamed K-215810920 Lecturer Name: Dr. Faruk Sarkinfada Task 1: Describe the different classes of bacteria based on: a. Cell wall composition • :Gram negative . • Gram positive. b. Nutritional requirements : • Autotroghs:take nutrition from carbon dioxide. • Heterotrophs take the nutrition from organic carbon(carbs‚lipids‚protein) • Prototroph: take nutrition from sunlight. • Chemotrophic take nutrition from chemicals. c. Oxygen requirement
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The first step in the steroidogenesis takes place within the mitochondria where CHOL becomes a substrate . The transport of free CHOL from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner mitochondrial membrane is facilitated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Within the mitochondria CHOL is converted to pregnenolone (PREG) by the side-chain cleavage enzyme known as CYP11A1. The conversion to PREG is the rate-limiting step and the following intermediate steps are taken place in the
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