billion years ago: earliest eukaryotes Free-living‚ parasitic‚ motile‚ stationary Unicellular‚ colonial‚ multicellular When “nots and nos” are what remains Protozoa Algae Slime molds Subkingdom Mastigobionta No cell walls Varied locomotion: Pseudopodia Cilia Flagella Pseudopodia‚ 3 famous phyla Rhizopoda amoeba Foraminifera Forams Actinopoda Radiolarians/heliozans Cilia Macronucleus = major metabolic activities
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bacteria‚ firmly adhere the smear on to the microscopic slide to prevent washing off during staining‚ and to allow the sample to readily take up the stain. Reference: www2.hendrix.edu What is the purpose of heat- fixing the smear? It helps the cells adhere to the slide so that they can be stained. The purpose of heat fixing is to kill the organisms without serious distortion. They adhere better to the slide and also take up dye more easily. Fixation process Fixation is usually the first stage
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attracted to the surface of a bacterial cell (due to ionization of the carboxyl groups in the fatty and amino acids present in the cell wall/membrane). Basic dyes are attracted to the nucleic acid component of the bacterial cell‚ as well. As a general rule‚ acidic dyes are attracted to basic (alkaline) subcellular components. The most common stains used to stain bacteria are basic dyes. The most common background stains are acidic dyes since they do not cross the cell wall/membrane particularly easily. A
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termites and cockroaches. On February 6‚ 2013‚ scientists reported that bacteria were found living in the cold and dark in a lake buried a half-mile deep under the ice in Antarctica. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water; in all‚ there are approximately five nonillion (5×1030) bacteria on Earth‚ forming a biomass that exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients‚ with many steps
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of sugar on texture and flavour of cooked fruit and enzymatic browning. Both fruits and vegetables have cell walls that are distinguished by having a rigid structure‚ with a primary cell wall and a secondary cell wall (Yuan‚ 2014b). In the primary cell wall‚ there is cellulose and hemi-cellulose‚ both of which are digestible and not very soluble (Yuan‚ 2014b). In the secondary cell wall‚ there is lignin‚ which is in older plant material and gives it a woody texture (Yuan‚ 2014b). Enzymatic
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wood-decay fungi attack dead wood‚ such as brown rot‚ and some‚ such as Armillaria‚ are parasitic and colonize living trees. (Raven and Johnson‚ 2011) Wood decay fungi can be grouped in different ways: according to their mode of attack on the woody cell walls‚ by their general biology‚ pathogens‚ parasites or saprotrophs and whether they are primary or secondary colonisers. Wood-decay fungi can be classified according to the type of decay that they cause. The can be grouped into three distinct groups
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The Berlin Wall was a physical wall‚ which separated East and West Berlin during the Cold War‚ and ran for over 140km and was 3.6 metres high. The construction of the wall came to show the diverse ideologies between the different systems of government‚ and what the people thought about it. To summarise it up for you‚ it was a loss in human rights and freedom. But how was the Berlin Wall influential in the course of the Cold War? I will be touching on a couple of topics today to answer the hypothesis
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The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls Imagine a childhood where there is persistent moving from place to place‚ an alcoholic father‚ a hoarder mother who’s possibly bipolar as well‚ and when it is decided that the family has settled down‚ the house in question has no plumbing or heat and is infested with snakes and rats. There is also the likelihood that food will be too expensive and everyone will just have to deal with it. This was life for author Jeannette Walls until the age of 17 when she escaped to
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"Construction and Collapse of Berlin Wall" Starting with the fall of 1949 there were basically two German countries on the territory of Germany‚ dividing the city of Berlin in two parts - FRG (Federal Republic of Germany) and GDR (German Democratic Republic)‚ also known as DDR (Deutsche Demokratische Republik). The first one was built after the principles of democracy‚ while its counterpart was built up after Socialist principles. For as long as 40 years this division caused tension. Right in the
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“The Wall was an edifice of fear. On the November ninth… it was a place of joy”. (President Horst Köhler). When the Iron Curtain‚ or Berlin Wall‚ was built‚ it divided Berlin into two regions: East Berlin and West Berlin. The West Berlin was allies with the United States while East Berlin was dominated by the totalitarian Soviet Union government. The fall of the wall had divided the city for thirty agonizing years allowed people to rediscover life. The Berlin Wall devastatingly divided families‚
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