Role of DISC1 and its interactions with Cofilin in pathways leading to Synaptic Plasticity Abstract Cofilin is an actin depolymerization factor responsible for severance of actin filaments in dendritic spines. Cofilin is activated upon de-phosphorylation via slingshot phosphatase (SSH) and deactivated when phosphorylated by LIM-kinase (LIMK). Phosphorylation of Cofilin results in polymerization of F-actin therefore formation of dendritic spines which is associated with LTP. Peptide drugs
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is higher in potato cells‚ the cytoplasm of the cell is hypertonic. The water molecule will flow from higher concentration to lower concentration‚ so that they get out of potato cells through osmosis. The plasma membrane of plant cell will collapse as the water inside the cell become less and less‚ that cause plasmolysis and the cell become flaccid. 2. A salt water fish may die if placed in fresh water. Why? In order to keep an isotonic condition‚ the salt water fish’s cells have the same concentration
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adjacent cells‚ with an effect on cell-cell adhesion and epithelial permeability. It also works as a boundary between the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains to create the polarisation of endothelial and epithelial cells. These junctions are comprised of sets of continuous networking strands in the outwardly facing cytoplasmic leaflet‚ with complementary grooves in the inwardly facing extra cytoplasmic leaflet. Figure 1: Tight junction location between the epithelial cells and paracellular
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components of the cell membrane? A) phospholipids and cellulose B) nucleic acids and proteins C) phospholipids and proteins D) proteins and cellulose E) glycoproteins and cholesterol For the following questions‚ match the labeled component of the cell membrane (Figure 7.1) with its description. [pic] Figure 7.1 5) peripheral protein 6) cholesterol 9) glycolipid 11) The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals A) enables the membrane to stay fluid
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eukaryotic organelles. ”A eukaryotic cell is sectioned by internal membranes into different functioning categories called organelles. For example‚ the nucleus houses DNA‚ the genetic component that controls the cells activities. (Boundless. “Introduction” Boundless Biology). The Cytoplasm is the material between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It has a lot of responsibilities within the cell. It contains enzymes for breaking down waste and also gives the cell its shape. The Nucleus or the brain
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The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane‚ and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins The structure of the membrane covering the outside of every cell of the body is discussed in Chapter 2 and illustrated in Figures 2–3 and 4–2.This membrane consists almost entirely of a lipid bilayer‚ but it also contains large numbers of protein molecules in the lipid‚ many of which penetrate all the way through the membrane‚ as shown in Figure 4–2. The lipid bilayer is not miscible with either the extracellular
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to regulate water loss and limit the size of insect growth. The exoskeleton is made up of a composite called chitin. Chitin is a chemical relative of glycogen and cellulose. The exoskeleton is made up of three parts called the epidermis‚ basement membrane‚ and the cuticle. The cuticle is the part of the exoskeleton where most chitin concentrations occur. Bumblebee wings are formed of the same material as the rest of the exoskeleton; bumblebees have four wings with the two rear wings being small and
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Adherence Candida albicans is known to present cell-surface proteins that are involved in the process of adhesion to mammalian epithelial cells which in turn contributes to its virulence. The Als (agglutinin-like sequence) family are encoded by eight gene loci‚ Als1-Als7 and Als9 (Murciano et al‚ 2012) and are probably the best characterized group of adhesion factors. The ALs proteins are in fact large glycoproteins that link to the β-1‚6 glucan in the cell wall of C. albicans. Als proteins all have
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by the highly efficient inhibition of neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. High affinity binding of BoNTs is mediated by the simultaneous interaction with lipid embedded synaptic vesicle proteins and gangliosides the presynaptic membrane according to the well-established dual-receptor binding model. One peculiarity that is especially pronounced in BoNT serotypes B‚ DC‚ and G – which all use synaptotagmin as a common protein-receptor – is the occurrence of a distinct hydrophobic loop
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We also see the effects of stress and depression on the ventral striatum‚ including the nucleus accumbens‚ the later playing a central role in the mechanisms of natural reward. Deep brain stimulation treatment of the nucleus accumbens seemed to be successful. Pittenger and Duman (2008) do note that study of plasticity in this pathway under conditions of stress and depression‚ while sparse‚ represents an important component of any comprehensive view of the relationship between stress‚ depression and
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