The Effects that 1%‚ 4%‚ and 16% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Concentration Had on the Rate of Reaction of Catecholase Enzymes in a Potato (Solanum tuberosum). Abstract Enzymes are a key component of a cell. They make chemical reactions happen faster because they lower the activation energy to make the chemical reaction occur. Most of the time‚ it is best if enzymes produce as efficiently as possible‚ but in some cases it is better if they do not‚ when dealing with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum).
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Catecholase is a reaction between oxygen and catechol [2]. In the presence of oxygen‚ the removal of two hydrogen atoms oxidizes the compound catechol‚ as a result of the formation of water [2]. Oxygen is reduced by the addition of two hydrogen atoms‚ which also forms water‚ after catechol is converted to benzoquinone [2]. Long branched chains‚ the structural backbones of the red and brown melanoid pigments that cause darkening‚ are formed when the benzoquinone molecules are linked together [2].
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complete statements and 4- turned in at the beginning of the lab. Post-lab questions for Topic 5 – Enzymes Name: Date: Group: T W R Formation and Detection of Benzoquinone Table 1. Formation and Detection of Benzoquinone: Record Absorbance Time 2A-Potato extract + cathecol 2B- Potato extract + water 2C- Catechol + water After 10 min 1- What were the substrate‚ enzyme and product of the enzymatic reaction? 2- What is the purpose of tubes 2B and 2C? Enzyme Specificity Table 2 – Specificity
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to the following direction. 4. Continue your work area and add 1cm of potato extract obtaining catechol oxidase to each of the seven tubes. 5. Add 1% catechol to each of the 7 test tubes‚ bringing the total volume to the 6c mark. Agitate the contents of the tubes using a vortex mixer if available. 6. At time 0‚ record the relative color intensity of each tube immediately after adding the 1% catechol. 7. Place the tubes in 40’C water bath. 8. Agitate the tubes periodically over the next ten minutes
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enzyme and the rate of the reaction. The browning of potatoes when they are peeled is caused by catecholase‚ an enzyme‚ as it facilitates a reaction between between catechol and oxygen. In this reaction‚ oxygen’s electronegativity separates 2 hydrogen atoms from catechol‚ oxidizing it and therefore converting catechol to benzoquinone molecules that forms long‚branched chains. The chains are the backbone of the red and brown pigments that cause darkening.
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Each tube had additional 47‚ 46‚ 44‚ 40‚ 32‚ 24‚ and 16 drops (one tube had no additional drops respectively. Each tube had drops of catechol added with respect to the numbered label (test tube 1 had 1 drop of catechol‚ test tube 16 had 16 drops‚ etc.). After these solutions were mixed‚ each tube was covered with Parafilm and inverted 3-4 times. The film was removed from the tubes and 30 drops of diluted potato juice was added
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recalibrating it. The additional 4 experimental test tubes were composed of the same contents but 1 mL of the substrate catechol was added instead of the 1 mL of water (Table 2). These test tubes were labeled the same as the previous blanks. The spectrophotometer wavelength was set to 420 nm just like exercise A. After the spectrophotometer was adjusted using the blank A‚ the catechol was added to tube A. The tube was covered with paraffin and the absorption was measured within 5 seconds. The absorbance
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measuring and recording the different levels of substrate and enzyme we recorded all the data that corresponded to the change after the level of catechol was changed as well as observing the different pH on the same enzyme. Materials List 1. Test tubes 2 .Test tube rack 3. Small Para film squares 4. Distilled water 5. Potato extract 6. Catechol 7. Phenylthiourea 8. Disposable gloves 9. Pipette 5ml 10. Pipette 1ml 11. Bunsen burner 12. Ice 13. Ice chest 14. Thermometer 15. pH solutions
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Variables: Independent: pH‚ enzyme concentration‚ substrate concentration and enzymatic activity. Dependent: the reaction rate Control variable: temperature and amount of substrates and enzymes added. Materials: Phosphate Buffers Beaker Catechol Potato Juice Parafilm Test Tubes Procedure: To study the effect of temperature: 1. Three different test tubes where filled with 3mL of phosphate. 2. They were set in three different temperature settings. First tube was placed in an ice-water
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Dihydroxybenzenes Industry Overview 6 1.5 Dihydroxybenzenes Industry History 7 1.6 Dihydroxybenzenes Industry Competitive Landscape 8 1.7 Dihydroxybenzenes Industry International and China Development Comparison 10 Chapter Two Dihydroxybenzenes(Catechol‚Resorcinol‚Hydroquinone) Market Data Analysis
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