Experiment 5: Carboxylic acids: Preparation of benzoic acid Introduction: Carboxylic acids are in vinegar salad dressing‚ which is a solution of acetic acid and water. Carboxylic acids are even in citric acid in grapefruit or lemon which gives them the sour taste. Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group‚ which is a combination of the carbonyl group and the hydroxyl group. The carboxyl functional group may be attached to an alkyl group or an aromatic group. Benzoic acid‚ is a colourless crystalline
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develop diagnostic reactions to test for their presence in an organic molecule. Common functional groups found in organic molecules are listed below: * Alkene * Primary alcohol * Tertiary alcohol * Aldehyde * Ketone * Carboxylic acid * Ester * Halogen alkane * Phenol Alkene In organic chemistry‚ an alkene is an unsaturated chemical compound. This means it contains a carbon – carbon bond. All alkenes are hydrocarbons‚ (a molecule made of carbon and hydrogen
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Amino Acids Glycine is the smallest of the amino acids. It is ambivalent‚ meaning that it can be inside or outside of the protein molecule. In aqueous solution at or near neutral pH‚ glycine will exist predominantly as the zwitterion. Alanine is a hydrophobic molecule. It is ambivalent‚ meaning that it can be inside or outside of the protein molecule. The α carbon of alanine is optically active; in proteins‚ only the L-isomer is found. Serine differs from alanine in that one of the methylenic
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reaction mechanism‚ a carboxylic acid‚ m-toluic acid is used to synthesize N‚N-diethyl-m-toluamide‚ also know as DEET‚ through a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. The reaction begins by first converting the m-toluic carboxylic acid into an acyl chlorosulfite through a reaction using thionyl chloride. The carboxylic acid is converted into an acyl chloride because the acyl chloride is more reactive. In this step‚ hydrochloric acid is formed from a hydrogen on the carboxylic acid and a chlorine from
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expected melting point. After its temperature reached the plateau‚ the temperature increment was set at 1°C per minute‚ and the melting point range of 152°C-154°C was recorded. After standardizing the melting device‚ a small sample of unknown carboxylic acid was placed in a capillary tube‚ and an arbitrary plateau of 200°C was set. When the sample started to melt at 150°C‚ another capillary tube containing a small amount of unknown sample was placed in the melting device‚ and the plateau was set to
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arrangement of groups around the carbonyl carbon atom. The carbon atom is sp2 hybridized‚ On the other hand‚ the acidic compounds are the carboxylic acids and the phenols. The carboxylic acids have the general formula of The functional group‚ is called the carboxyl group (carbonyl + hydroxyl). Further‚ phenols are commonly known carbolic acids. The presence of the hydroxyl groups in the molecules of phenols means that phenols are like alcohols in being able to form strong intermolecular
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Advantages: Sulfamic acid is the fastest de-scaler - It dissociates into hydroxonium ions more readily in aqueous solution than the others‚ therefore giving a greater concentration of atoms that are able to react with the calcium in lime scale. It is safe to use because it does not produce chlorine gas [5]‚ which can be toxic. Sulfamic acid also has a low volatility. Disadvantages: Sulfamic Acid can be an irritant to eyes or skin and is the most expensive of the de-scalers. Q2) How these de-scalers
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Chemistry Research Paper What is an anti acid? According to Cindy Quarters (2010)‚ “Antacids are medicines that are taken orally to help relieve sour stomach‚ heartburn‚ or acid indigestion”. This medicine is available without prescription but it is needed to take the correct dose. The different types of anti acids include calcium carbonate‚ sodium bicarbonate‚ magnesium hydroxide‚ aluminum hydroxide‚ and dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate. The cost of the anti acid will depend on how effective it is‚
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Acid rain is considered precipitation in the form of rain‚ snow‚ or fog. It is not regular precipitation. It is precipitation that is polluted by acid. Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere cause this precipitation to become acidic. These emissions are released into the atmosphere by human activity‚ such as automobiles‚ industries‚ and electrical power plants that burn fossil fuels like coal and oil. When these gases are released‚ they mix with water vapor in the clouds
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In this experiment‚ hydroxyl- or carbonyl- containing samples were given to the group for examination. The samples were analyzed through different tests namely the involvement of the solubility of alcohols in water‚ the Lucas Test‚ the Chromic Acid Test or also known as Jones Oxidation‚ the 2‚4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2‚4-DNP) Test‚ the Fehling’s Test‚ the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test‚ and the Iodoform Test. The solubility of alcohols in water test showed that the sample‚ benzyl alcohol was
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