I s there a way of dividing a company’s capital base between debt and equity that can be expected to maximize fi rm value? And‚ if so‚ what are the critical factors in determining the target leverage ratio for a given company? Although corporate fi nance has been taught in business schools for more than a century‚ the academic fi nance profession has found it diffi cult to come up with defi nitive answers to these questions. Part of the diffi culty stems from how the discipline has evolved
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OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE The optimal capital structure for a company should be the mix of equity‚ debt and hybrid instruments that minimizes the overall cost of funding‚ i.e. it should minimize the company’s weighted average cost of capital. In practice‚ however‚ it is not possible to specify this optimal capital structure exactly‚ for any individual company. It clearly makes sense to obtain funds at the lowest possible cost. In the long run‚ debt is cheaper than equity. However‚ when a company’s
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Dec 5‚2014 Dr. Jannatul Ferdaous Lecturer ‚ Southeast University Subject: Submission of Assignment titled “Ratio Analysis of Lafarge Surma Cement Limited”. Dear Sir‚ This is informing you that I have done this assignment on “Ratio Analysis of Lafarge Surma Cement Limited”. It is a great pleasure for me to present you such type of assignment. To prepare this assignment I collect essential data. I learnt a lot of unknown issues of direct Marketing‚ while preparing this assignment. This assignment
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Assignment: Capital Structure PART A 1. Apple Corporation has 2.5 million shares outstanding with a market value of $2.00 each (expected return = 16%) and debt with a market value of $1‚ 000‚000 and a return of 10% Required a. What is the return on the capital of Apple Corporation? [Show all workings and formulae) [7.5 marks] 2. Samsung generates pre-tax earnings of $2‚000‚000 per year. Currently it has issued 1 million shares which sell for $10 each. Samsung has no debt in
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Theory of Capital Structure - A Review Stein Frydenberg£ April 29‚ 2004 ABSTRACT This paper is a review of the central theoretical literature. The most important arguments for what could determine capital structure is the pecking order theory and the static trade off theory. These two theories are reviewed‚ but neither of them provides a complete description of the situation and why some firms prefer equity and others debt under different circumstances. The paper is ended by a summary where the
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Amazon Organization project STP analysis Market segmentation: Demographical segmentation – according to the world statistics people that reads the most books are: Gender: Female 53%‚ Male 42% Age: 18-19 (40%)‚ 30-49 (47%)‚ 50-64(51%)‚ 65+ (47%) People that use computerized technologies mostly are people under age of 60‚ and most people that use internet in their life`s are people under age of 50. Psychographics segmentation – people for
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Chapter 12 Capital Structure and Leverage LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter‚ students should be able to: • Explain why capital structure policy involves a trade-off between risk and return‚ and list the four primary factors that influence capital structure decisions. • Distinguish between a firm’s business risk and its financial risk. • Explain how operating leverage contributes to a firm’s business risk and conduct a breakeven analysis‚ complete with
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Determinants of capital structure In finance‚ capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity‚ debt‚ or hybrid securities. A firm ’s capital structure is then the composition or ’structure ’ of its liabilities. Simply‚ capital structure refers to the mix of debt and equity used by a firm in financing its assets. The capital structure decision is one of the most important decisions made by financial management. The capital structure decision is
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Capital Structure Decisions: Which Factors are Reliably Important? Murray Z. Frank1 and Vidhan K. Goyal2 First draft: March 14‚ 2003. Current draft: December 20‚ 2003. ABSTRACT This paper examines the relative importance of 38 factors in the leverage decisions of publicly traded U.S. firms from 1950 to 2000. The most reliable factors are median industry leverage (+ effect on leverage)‚ market-to-book ratio (-)‚ collateral (+)‚ bankruptcy risk as measured by Altman’s Z-Score (-)‚ dividend-paying
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E O F C O N T E N T 1. Introduction 2 2. Analysis of Amazon 4 2.1. Amazon in Porter’s frameworks 4 2.1.1.Porter’s Five Forces 4 2.1.2. Generic Strategies 6 2.2. Modes of entry 7 2.2.1. Licensing or franchising 8 2.2.2. Joint venture 8 2.2.3. Wholly owned subsidiary 9 3. Individualized Pricing 10 3.1. Analysis of individualized pricing 10 3.2. Government’s role 11 4. Conclusion 12 Bibliography 13 1. Introduction Amazon is the world’s largest e-commerce company. It was
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