predominantly calcium and magnesium‚ and is measured as the equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate (in milligrams per litre). Water hardness is usually noticed because of difficulty in lathering soap and the formation of a scum in the bathtub. Ca2+ and Mg2+ form insoluble salts with soaps causing precipitation of the soap scum. Another effect of hard water is “boiler scale”. When hard water comes into contact with dissolved carbonates‚ a precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate forms. This
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concentration of CaCO3 obtained was 1034 ppm‚ with a standard deviation of 2.4495. The results indicate that the unknown solution can be considered as hard water. Introduction The hardness of water is defined in terms of its cation content‚ which includes calcium‚ magnesium‚ iron‚ zinc‚ and other polyvalent metal ions. These metal ions interfere with the use of the water for many applications. For example‚ these ions diminish the effectiveness of soap and detergent for cleansing operations; they diminish
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hard when there are high concentrations of the divalent cations Magnesium and Calcium; water hardness is considered as the sum of both the calcium and magnesium concentrations and expressed as calcium carbonate in milligrams per liter (mg/L).1 Hard water requires more soap and synthetic detergents for home laundry and washing‚ and contributes to scaling in boilers and industrial equipment. Calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to be deposited
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Determination of Water Hardness Using a Titrator Heather Crall Chemistry 1 SMT- 271044 10/17/2012 Abstract From seeing all of my results and conclusion I now see that I didn’t understand this lab very well and that its not easy when others try to help. Since I have hard water it tells me that my water flows over and through rocks and minerals‚ like limestone. Purpose The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with the concept of water hardness. We learn that hard water contains
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sodium EDTA as the chelating agent to form complexes with the metal impurities in the solutions calcium carbonate and unknown sample. Complexes will form from sodium EDTA reacting with impurities because each element from disodium EDTA carboxylic acid groups will donate an electron pair to the metal impurities ion center. ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer used in today’s lab will reassure calcium metal ions and metal ions in unknown water sample remain in solution being determined for accurate
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Introduction When the water from the rain collects impurities by dissolving the salt that is exist in the soil. These particular salts include ions of sodium‚ magnesium‚ calcium‚ iron‚ and other metals. These particular impurities are what you will see on the glass door of the shower after it has been cleaned. Calcium ions are what cause the majority of water hardness. The water hardness arises from the existence of metal ions with a charge of +2 or higher. Water hardness is reported in
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Bubbling Cabomba pondweed Teaching Notes Introduction Like many other water plants‚ Cabomba has specialised tissue called aerenchyma that allows gases to diffuse inside the plant. Aerenchyma provide buoyancy and allows oxygen transport to the submerged roots that may otherwise be in hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions. If you cut through the aerenchyma‚ oxygen can escape. This can be made use of this in the classroom to show how the rate of photosynthesis is affected by light intensity or by
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Mill‚ and Ball Mill. 2. Easy-damaged parts with longer working life The grinding roll and ring are made of special materials. Generally‚ their work life is more than one year‚ but‚ which could come up to over 3 years‚ when it processes calcium carbonate and Calcite. 3. Security and Reliablity Because there are no rolling bearing and bolts in the grinding chamber‚ we can not see the problems of bearings and sealings easily damaged and machine destroyed due to the bolts looseness. 4.
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Lab #16: Gravimetric Analysis of Metal Carbonate Introduction: In this laboratory the identity of group 1 metal Carbonate is determined gravimetrically using a double replacement precipitation reaction. Concepts: Double-Replacement reaction Gravimetric analysis. Background: The identity of group 1 metal M is determined by analyzing an unknown Group 1 metal carbonate‚ M2CO3. There are 3 main reactions in this lab: 1. Equation 1: M2CO3 (s) → 2M+ (aq) + CO32- (aq) 2. Equation 2: Ca2+
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four carboxylic acid groups has an electron pair to donate to a metal ion center‚ making EDTA a hexadentate (“six-toothed”) ligand which forms an octahedral complex. Fig. 2. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Fig. 3. EDTA4– chelating a calcium ion. REV 2012-02-13 COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS PAGE 1 OF 4 CHM152LL LAB MANUAL COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS
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