Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Transesterification: using Waste Cooking Oil as feedstock and Candida Antarctica Lipase B as Biocatalyst. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTON The high cost of bio-diesel‚ compared to petroleum-based diesel‚ is a major barrier to its commercialization. It has been reported that 60-90% of bio-diesel cost arises from the cost of the feedstock oil (C.C. Lai et al.‚ 2005). Studies showed the potential of waste-cooking oil (WCO) as a material for biodiesel production
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wintergreen | Introduction Organic compounds are those which contain carbon as well as a select other elements. An organic acid however‚ is an organic compound which contains acidic properties. An ester is an example of being a derivative of these organic acids. Esters can be prepared by the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols‚ with an inorganic acid used as a catalyst which is dubbed esterification. With o-hydrobenzoic acid‚ or salicylic acid‚ we are able to create acetylsalicylic
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Maleic anhydride underwent the Dials-Alder reaction with distilled cyclopentadiene as the dienophile. The reaction was a cycloaddition which produced cis-Norbornene-5‚6-endo-dicarboxylic Anhydride surface. (1) Product one had a mass of 9.351 grams and product two had a mass of 9.572 grams. The theoretical yield was found to be 10.047 grams‚ which makes the percent yield to be 93.07%. Melting Points were found to confirm the purity of the product. Product one had a melting point of 163.7-164
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Richard F. Daley and Sally J. Daley www.ochem4free.com Organic Chemistry Chapter 2 Introduction to Organic Nomenclature and Functional Groups 2.1 Drawing Organic Structures 73 2.2 Alkanes 77 2.3 Structural Isomerism 77 2.4 IUPAC Nomenclature 79 2.5 Naming Alkanes 80 2.6 Naming Cycloalkanes 87 2.7 Naming Complex Alkyl Groups 2.8 Functional Groups 97 2.9 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes 2.10 Naming Alkenes‚ Part II 108 2.11 Arenes 109 2.12 Organohalogens 113 2.13 Using Molecular
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Cole. Purpose: In this experiment‚ potassium carbonate combined with a quaternary ammonium salt to form a strong base. The strong base created an anion from an ester of malonic acid. The ion reacted with bromobutane which was also in the reaction solution to give the product. The yield product was a butyl derivative of malonic ester that was isolated by adding water to the reaction solution‚ and extracting with ether. The ether was dried and evaporated to give the product. Procedures: 0.039g
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be made by hydrolysing methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate. Oil of wintergreen is 98% methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate and is what I used as my starting chemical. The structure of methyl-2-hydroxybenzoate is shown on the right‚ and is an ester as it has the functional group –COO-. Hydrolysing esters involves splitting them into carboxylic acids or their salts and alcohols by adding water‚ dilute acid or dilute alkali. To hydrolysed my oil of wintergreen I first reacted it with a weak alkali‚ aqueous sodium hydroxide
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the percentage purity of solid C was found to be 6.01%. The melting point range of purified solid C was 117.0 – 119.0C while the boiling point of liquid C was found to be 117C. The identity of solid C and liquid C was found to be benzoic acid and butyl acetate respectively. INTRODUCTION The isolation of individual or groups of compounds can be accomplished
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Introduction to Alkane Nomenclature A. Determining the Priority of Functional Groups. What’s in a name? 3-ethyl-5-(1-methylpropyl)-4‚4-dimethylnonane Too big a subject to cover on one sheet! This paper will focus on alkanes. Determining functional group priority will be the subject of a subsequent sheet. suffix http://masterorganicchemistry.com D. Applying the Lowest Locator Rule F. Dealing With Branched Substituents (the IUPAC Way) Number the chain from one end so as
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Organic Chemistry - Introduction 1 2812 Basic definitions for organic chemistry Scope Organic chemistry is a vast subject so it is easier to split it into small sections for study. This is usually done by studying compounds which behave in a similar way because they have a particular atom‚ or group of atoms‚ (FUNCTIONAL GROUP) in their structure. Catenation The ability to form bonds between atoms of the same element. Carbon catenates to form chains and rings‚ with single‚ double
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red and a white precipitate with silver nitrate(aq) (drop on end of glass rod)‚ if the mixture is poured into water you may detect a ’pleasant’ ester odour‚ can test for HCl but water and amines produce it too!(ii) as for (1) but no ester smell!(iii) You should get a ’pleasant’ characteristic smell of an ester. | (i) R-OH + CH3COCl ==> CH3COOR + HClAn ester and hydrogen chloride are formed(ii) R-OH + PCl5 ==> R-Cl + POCl3 + HCla chloro compound and hydrogen chloride are formed.(i) and (ii) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ==> AgCl(s) from
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