Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. They contain only carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds. They are the least reactive of the organic compounds. The main source is crude oil. Hydrocarbon- a compound consisting only of hydrogen and carbon Saturated- Contain single carbon -carbon bonds only Unsaturated-contains a C=C bond Petroleum fraction- mixture of hydrocarbons with a similar chain length and boiling range The general formula for is CnH2n+2 (for ring alkanes is CnH2n)
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Alkanes This is the correct chemical term for compounds known as paraffins. They are considered the simplest organic compounds and are a family of chain hydrocarbons having the general formula C2H2n+2. All of the bonds are single bonds (-C-H-‚ and -C-C-). The chains can be straight or branched. The smaller members (less than 4 carbons) are gases‚ while larger ones (five to seventeen carbons) are liquids. Beyond seventeen carbons the alkanes are waxy solids. Structure: The simplest saturated acyclic
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Practical 2 Reaction of alkane‚ alkene & alkyne Title: Reaction of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Objective: To carry out chemical test to differentiate an alkane and an alkene. Apparatus: dropper‚ test tube‚ hot plate Chemical reagents: bromine‚ toluene‚ cyclohexane‚ cyclohexene‚ acidified KMnO4‚ dichloromethane Method A. Bromine test 1.6 clean and dry test tube were taken and were labelled them A until F 2.1ml of dichloromethane were placed into each test tube 3.1 ml of
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Comparing alkanes and alkenes Aim: Is cyclohexane more or less reactive than cyclohexene in the presence or absence of light Hypothesis The cyclohexene will reactive the fastest because being an "ene" it has a electron rich area making it more reactive than cyclohexane but neither one of the will react without light Materials * 4x 250ml conical flasks * 2 rubber stoppers * Aluminium foil * Cyclohexane * Cyclohexene * Bromide water * Measuring cylinder
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Experiment #2: Stereochemistry of Alkenes and Molecular Modeling By: Nouhad Mokdad Section: 53 TA’s: Sheida and Ryan Mills Lab Partner: David Wilson Date of Experiment: October 7th‚ 2008 Purpose: The purpose is to study the difference between the stereochemistry of the two isomers‚ maleic and fumaric acid. The first part of the experiment called for the conversion of maleic acid into fumaric acid with the addition of a proton using the acid-catalyzed isomerisation‚ vacuum filtration‚
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| | Alkanes: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons (this means that there are NO double bonds in the molecule). They contain Hydrogen and Carbon atoms only. There are an immense number of possibilities. The simplest being methane with just ONE atom of Carbon.You should be able to see ONE atom of Carbon and FOUR atoms of Hydrogen. In ethane there are TWO atoms of Carbon and SIX atoms of Hydrogen. In propane there are THREE atoms of Carbon and EIGHT atoms of Hydrogen. In butane there are FOUR atoms
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Of Alkanes and Alkenes Aim: To compare the reactivity of an alkane and an alkene Hypothesis: The cyclohexene would react to the bromine water and turn colourless‚ whilst the cyclohexane won’t react. Risk Assessment: What’s the problem? | How do you fix? | How does it work? | Bromine water is corrosive to the skin | Wear gloves | Stops the Bromine water from reaching skin | Cyclohexane/ene is highly flammable | Keep away from naked flames. | No naked flame = no ignition. | Bromine water
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Experiment # 1 Date: 18/12/13 Title: Chemical Properties of Alkanes. Aim: To test the reactivity of alkanes using cyclohexane as an example. Apparatus/Materials: Cyclohexane‚ liquid alkane‚ aqueous bromine‚ test tubes‚ light source‚ watch glass‚ splint‚ 0.1 MKMnO4‚ concentrated H2SO4‚ dilute H2SO4. Method: Combustion: 1. A watch glass was placed on a benched protection sheet in a fume cupboard and the extractor in the fume on. 2. 4 drops of cyclohexane was placed on the watch glass using
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Straight Chain Alkanes The general formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2 wheren is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. There are two ways of writing a condensed structural formula. For example‚ butane may be written as CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3. Rules for Naming Alkanes * The parent name of the molecule is determined by the number of carbons in the longest chain. * In the case where two chains have the same number of carbons‚ the parent is the chain with the most substituents.
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Alkane‚ Alkene‚ Alkyne & Aromatic Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. Determine the IUPAC name‚ common name and structure of an alkanes‚ alkenes and cycloalkanes. Identify the physical properties of alkanes. Describe briefly natural sources and importance of alkanes Describe reactions of alkanes Propose a mechanism on free radicals substitution 4. 5. 6. Describe the preparation and reactions of alkenes. 7. Propose mechanism on preparation; dehydration of alcohol 8. Define carbocation
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