accompanies may choose to adopt either top down budgeting approach or bottom up budgeting approach. In the finance ministry bottom down budgeting was a traditional way used in budget formulation. Top down budgeting came in the 1990s as a motivation to curb the fiscal deficits in which it lead to fiscal crisis in other countries. Top down budgeting was found that it helps and manages well the fiscal deficit efficiently unlike bottom up budgeting approach. Countries like Denmark‚ Korea Sweden‚ Australia
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CASE 33 Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid Professor C. K. Prahalad’s seminal publication‚ The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid‚ suggests an enormous market at the “bottom of the pyramid” (BOP)—a group of some 4 billion people who subsist on less than $2 a day. By some estimates‚ these “aspirational poor‚” who make up three-fourths of the world’s population‚ represent $14 trillion in purchasing power‚ more than Germany‚ the United Kingdom‚ Italy‚ France‚ and Japan put together. Demographically
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Bottoms Up is an insightful and entertaining article that presents the advantages of drinking filtered sewage water. Written by Olive Heffernan‚ Bottoms Up focuses on the City of San Diego Public Utilities Department and its battle for public and governmental approval on reusing sewage water. In the article‚ Heffernan interviews many officials and experts on the subject to assess the risk of using sewage water. She also expresses the concerns of those who oppose it. But‚ with the collected data and
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Module 3 Test: Chapter 3 Question 1 1. In order to minimize backlash by majority males against diversity efforts‚ trainers and managers should a) emphasize that employees are free to believe whatever they wish‚ but they must behave with respect toward all the individuals with whom their work brings them into contact. b) terminate the worst of the discontented majority males‚ as their attitudes will be difficult to change and will poison the climate of the organization. c) stress that
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CASE STUDIES IN FINACE CASE STUDY 3: ESTIMATING THE COST OF CAPITAL QUESTION 1: a)b)c) The Capital Assets Price Model (CAPM) is used to describe the relationship between risk and expected return and is often used to estimate a cost of equity (Investopedia‚ 2009). The cost of equity(COE) of the discount rate is: R = Rf + β*(E - Rf) (1) Rf = Risk free rate of return‚ usually U.S. treasury bonds β = Beta for a company E = Expected return of the market
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top-down and there are bottom-up approaches to cognition. Which has been more fruitful in the history of psychology? Discuss with reference to Bartlett and/or the Gestaltists. This essay is going to talk about the top-down and bottom-up approaches to cognition. It will further explore which approach has been more fruitful in the history of Psychology with reference to Bartlett and the Gestaltists. This essay will look at the top-down approaches to cognition and then the bottom-up approaches to cognition
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the financial markets? The finance of $10million if taken up from financial institution Gaga Enterprises will have to give interest on the loan taken up. On the other hand‚ if it directly raises the money form the financial market Gaga Enterprise’s can do so in several ways one by equity the other by debt if raising money by equity it will have to pay dividend and if issuing money by debt it will have to pay interest E2-3 For what kinds of needs do you think a firm would issue securities
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Top-Down and Bottom-Up are both strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering‚ used in a variety of fields including software‚ humanistic and scientific theories (see systemic)‚ and management and organization. In practice‚ they can be seen as a style of thinking and teaching. A Top-Down Approach (also known as stepwise design or deductive reasoning‚ and in many cases used as a synonym of analysis order composition) is essentially the breaking down of a system to gain insight into
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MBK – Lab Report Name: ____________________ Section: ___________________ Module 3‚ Experiment 3: Aseptic Technique & Culturing Microbes Part 3: Generating Microbial Cultures: Observe your culture tubes after 24 hours to assess the growth patterns of all tubes. If there is no observable growth allow the tubes to incubate an additional 24 hours. Record your observations here. Attach a picture of you incubator in this space. Questions: A. What is
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COMMON TECHNICAL DOCUMENT CEFTEN (CEFTIBUTEN CAPSULES 400 MG) MODULE 3 QUALITY 3.1 MODULE 3 TABLE OF CONTENT Sr. No. | Contents | Page No. | 3.1 | MODULE 3 TABLE OF CONTENT | 2 | 3.2 | BODY OF DATA | 4 | 3.2.S | Drug Substance | 4 | 3.2.P | Drug Product | 5 | 3.2.P.1 | Description and Composition of the Drug Product | 5 | 3.2.P.2 | Pharmaceutical Development | 6 | 3.2.P.2.1 | Components of the Drug Product | 8 | 3.2.P.2.1.1 | Drug Substance | 8 | 3.2.P
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