NIGERIA MARCH 4-14 2008 THE BOND MARKET IN GHANA-CHALLENGES FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT A. Introduction A bond has been defined as a debt (loan) instrument which requires the issuer to repay the investor the amount borrowed with interest over a predetermined period of time. Bonds can be callable‚ redeemable‚ convertible‚ extendable or retractable. They may have warrants attached to them as a sweetner. They may also be income generating or have zero coupons. Bond investors are exposed to some
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includes- shares‚ debentures‚ bonds etc. A key division within the capital markets is between the primary markets and secondary markets. In primary markets‚ new stock or bond issues are sold to investors‚ often via a mechanism known as underwriting. The main entities seeking to raise long-term funds on the primary capital markets are governments (which may be municipal‚ local or national) and business enterprises (companies). Governments tend to issue only bonds‚ whereas companies often issue
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for healthcare services use to involve paying for services out of pocket. The gradual transition from fee- for- service payment to managed healthcare is not a recent phenomenon. With the increasing costs of healthcare services‚ there was an increased interest in moving payment from fee-for-service into a more organized payment structure. This paper discusses the three payment types in the healthcare industry used by practicing physicians: fee for service‚ bundled service arrangements‚ and capitation
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Abstract India has been using electronic payment systems for many years now. However‚ the retail sector still has predominance of cash transactions‚ and payment through cards is yet to pick up. Cards (both credit and debit) are one of the most secure and convenient modes of cashless payment in retail market. The card payments data shows that even though we have 19 million credit cards‚ 190 million debit cards and half a million point-of-sale terminals‚ on an average there is just one transaction
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invest in bonds for the short-term or the long-term depends on your investment goals and time frames‚ the quantity of jeopardy you are willing to take and your tax status. When considering a bond investment strategy‚ keep in mind the importance of diversification. As a universal rule‚ it’s by no means a good idea to put all your assets and all your risk in a single asset class or investment. You will want to expand the risks within your bond investments by creating a portfolio of a number of bonds‚ each
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CHAPTER 12 INTERNATIONAL BOND MARKETS SUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS QUESTIONS 1. Describe the differences between foreign bonds and Eurobonds. Also discuss why Eurobonds make up the lion’s share of the international bond market. Answer: The two segments of the international bond market are: foreign bonds and Eurobonds. A foreign bond issue is one offered by a foreign borrower to investors in a national capital market and denominated in that
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Analysis of Convertible Bonds DECEMBER 14‚ 2008 in FINANCE MANAGEMENT With the repeal of the Capital Issues Control Act and the enactment of SEBI Act in 1992‚ the rules of the game applicable to convertible bonds have changed. As per SEBI guidelines issued in June 1992‚ the provisions applicable to fully convertible bonds and partially convertible binds are as follows: * The conversion premium and the conversion timing shall be predetermined and stated in the prospectus. * Any conversion partial
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Electronic Payment Methods Contents Introduction 3 Sizes of Electronic Payments 3 Electronic Means 3 Critical Issues 3 S.W.O.T Analysis 4 Problem Statement 5 Options 5 Recommendation 5 Feasible Solutions 6 Monitoring 6 Evaluation 7 References 8 Introduction Payment systems that use electronic distribution networks constitute
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COMPOUND INTEREST Making or Spending Money SIMPLE INTEREST FORMULA If a principal of P dollars is borrowed for a period of t years at a per annum interest rate r‚ expressed as a decimal‚ then interest I charged is I Pr t This interest is not used very often. Interest is usually compounded which means interest is charged or given on the interest and the principal. Simple Interest Example COMPOUND INTEREST Payment Periods: Annually Once per year Semiannually Twice per year Quarterly
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Balance of payments (BOP) accounts are an accounting record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world.[1] These transactions include payments for the country’s exports and imports of goods‚ services‚ and financial capital‚ as well as financial transfers. The BOP accounts summarize international transactions for a specific period‚ usually a year‚ and are prepared in a single currency‚ typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation
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