CONTINGENCY contingency plan is a plan devised for an outcome other than in the usual (expected) plan.[1] It is often used for risk management when an exceptional risk that‚ though unlikely‚ would have catastrophic consequences. Contingency plans are often devised by governments orbusinesses. For example‚ suppose many employees of a company are traveling together on an aircraft which crashes‚ killing all aboard. The company could be severely strained or even ruined by such a loss. Accordingly‚
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CONTINGENCY THEORY Contingency Theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation‚ to lead a company‚ or to make decisions. Instead‚ the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. The leading practitioners of which were Tom Burns‚ Joan Woodward‚ Paul Lawrence‚ Jay Lorsch‚ and Fred Fiedler‚ an otherwise theoretically eclectic group who were nevertheless united in their belief that no single organizational
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Watson‚ Skinner‚ and Tolman PSY 310/History and Systems of Psychology Psychological Perspectives Used Today Over the years psychological perspectives have changed or advanced in modern psychology. Some perspectives from earlier psychologists have diminished or are no longer used in modern psychology. John B. Watson‚ B. F. Skinner‚ and Edward C. Tolman are a few psychologists whose perspectives have remained a foundation for modern psychologists. Watson‚ Skinner‚ and Tolman’s perspectives advanced
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briefly define key terms first - whose theory are you discussing and what are its elements? (2) Routineness of task technology Depending on the type of technology (routine or non-routine) the organisational structure‚ leadership style and control systems will differ. This will be discussed in greater detail in later chapters. (3) Environmental uncertainty What works in a stable environment may not work or be totally inappropriate in a rapidly changing and unpredictable environment. (4) Individual
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Contingency theory suggests that it is possible to organize too much to meet the needs of the environment. This would be a case of strategic misfit. Think of an example of misfit caused by an inappropriate organization design. Explain how a firm’s structure could systematically increase its costs and place it at a strategic disadvantage. Contingency theory is the idea that there is no uniformly “best” structure for all firms in all circumstances. Contingency theory has focused on three factors
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accommodate a new schema (Atherton‚ 2011). Through observing and listening to his own children‚ Piaget proposed that their thinking does not develop smoothly; instead they go through stages. “Each stage is characterized by an overall structure in terms of which the main behaviour patterns can be explained” (Gross‚ page 739). Stage one is called ‘The sensorimotor stage’ (0 – 2 years old). At this age‚ children use sensory and motor information to make schemas. They becomes self aware and they see
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Contingency theorists argue that an organization that adapts to its environment will perform better than an organization that does not (Donaldson‚ 1996) and that mismatched characteristics within organizational configurations will prevent an organization from achieving natural harmony with its environment that will lead to better performance (Mitzberg‚ 1981). In contrast to the classical scholars‚ most theorists today believe that there is no one best way to organize. What is important is that there
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Contingency: 2012: Using the concept of strategic choice‚evaluate the contribution made by structural contingency researchers to our understanding of management and organisation design. 2011: Using the concept of strategic choice‚evaluate the contribution made by structural contingency researchers to our understanding of management and organisation design. 2010: Drawing on empirical studies‚ critically examine how contingency theory explains the ways in which an organisation’s technical- economic
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Week 2 – 2hr Workshop - Contingency KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS Contingency: a theory meaning one thing depends on other things. Contingency approaches: approaches that seek to delineate the characteristics of situations and followers and examine the leadership styles that can be used effectively. Fiedler’s contingency model: a model designed to diagnose whether a leader is task-oriented or relationship-oriented and match leader style to the situation. Situational theory: Hersey and Blanchard’s
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The contingency plan for this web-based business is a documented structure which provides instructional and referral information for response to emergency‚ back-up operation and post disaster recovery for information technology systems pertaining to system malfunction‚ power failures and protection from hackers and fraudulent activities. The contingency plan answer questions such as is the data backed up every day? Whether alternative servers are available for applications to be accessed from in
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