INTRODUCTION Realised-profit‚ matching-based‚ historical cost accruals accounting (HCA) has for over fifty years been repeatedly challenged as being an inadequate basis for the measurement of "income" which reports increments in the value of businesses. Such challenges continue unabated and are made by both accounting standards regulators and by academic commentators. Despite its obvious deficiencies for measuring valuation based income‚ and subject to concept of prudence‚ internationally HCA remains
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a) The bank unveiled a plan to tackle community concerns so that it would be seen in a more positive light. Because banks offer services which are so essential (providing an opportunity to exploit customers)‚ they deal with high levels of customers and generally make large profits. Also‚ interest rates naturally fluctuate between high and low levels (controlled by the government to manage inflation - not the individual banks). For these reasons they have developed a generally bad reputation with
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Criticism on historical cost accounting 1. Inability to provide useful information in times of rising prices * Assumes that money holds a constant purchasing power‚ so the result become irrelevance in times of rising prices * Received much criticism during high inflation periods of 1970s and 1980s. * Obvious flaw in time of rising prices. 2. Real problem of additivity * Some countries allowed revaluation of non-current assets and the different assets are revaluing
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Positive Accounting Theory and Science Md Humayun Kabir Senior Lecturer Faculty of Business Auckland University of Technology Auckland‚ New Zealand Phone: 09 921 9999 E-mail: humayun.kabir@aut.ac.nz ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Earlier versions of this paper benefited from comments from Lee Parker of the University of South Australia‚ William Maguire of Manukau Business School‚ Keith Hooper of Auckland University of Technology‚ Divesh
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Compare and contrast normative and positive accounting approaches: Definition of PAT: Watts and Zimmerman (1986) defined Pat as a theory that seeks to explain and predicts particular phenomenon. It is concerned with explaining accounting practice. The three basic hypotheses as outlined by Watts and Zimmerman (1978) underlying PAT are: 1. Bonus plan hypothesis: The bonus plan hypothesis is that managers of firms with bonus plans are more likely to use accounting methods that increase current period
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critical theorists assess research based on the Positive Accounting Theory? Accounting researchers tend to accept current accounting systems. Rather than focusing on why accounting systems favour certain classes of society‚ research is mainly carried out to such things as what accounting methods are most appropriate in certain circumstances‚ what motivates managers to use one accounting method over another and disclosure. By looking at accounting with a critical perspective is to recognise the way
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What is Positive Accounting Theory? Positive Accounting Theory is the branch of academic research in accounting that tries to make good predictions of real world events and translate them to accounting transactions. This contrasts with normative accounting theory‚ which that tries to recommend what should be done. Positive Theories try to explain and predicts actions such as which accounting policies firms will choose and how firms will react to newly proposed accounting standards. Positive
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Positive Accounting Theory • Sometimes abbreviated as PAT • Explains and predicts accounting practice • Does not seek to prescribe particular actions • Grounded in economic theory • Focuses on the relationships between various individuals involved in providing resources to an organisation (agency relationship) • Owners and managers • Managers and debt providers Positive Accounting Theory • Assumptions of PAT • All individual action is driven
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The historical cost accounting is an accounting technique that values an asset for balance sheet purposes at the price paid for the asset at the time of its acquisition. It is usually used in combination with other measurement bases. For example‚ inventories are usually carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value‚ on the other hand marketable securities are usually carried at market value‚ and entities prefer to carry pension liabilities at their present value. The main advantage of using
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BB- 5 players FB- 11 players Substitute Players Both use a ball Different Shape Different Material Differences BB-non contact Physical contact is violation FB-full contact Tackles/physical confrontations BB-played inside FB-played outside BB-no protective gear FB-protective gear Larry Foster English 101/Pierce College Compare & Contrast Draft 26 April 2014 Brown Ball Basketball and Football are two entirely different sports
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