Development: Attachment Attachment An emotional bond between two people. It is a two-way process that endures over time. It leads to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking and serves the function of protecting the infant. Primary attachment figure The person who has formed the closest bond with a child‚ demonstrated by the intensity of the relationship. Usually the biological mother‚ but other people can fulfil the role. Learning theory A group
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This essay will describe and evaluate Bowlby’s theory of attachment and maternal deprivation hypothesis. The essay will describe the two theories‚ weighing up the strengths and the weaknesses. It will include supporting research by Shaffer and Emerson‚ Ainsworth and Harlow‚ along with criticisms by Rutter. John Bowlby (1907-1990) was a child psychiatrist. He was psychoanalytically and medically trained. In 1945‚ after returning from serving in the armed forces medical service‚ he secured a position
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Attachment and Divorce: FAMILY CONSEQUENCES Bowlby ’s‚ Ainsworth ’s‚ and Shaver ’s research created the understanding that infant styles create a disposition for later behavioral traits. More current research has questioned the significance of how the disruption of the attachment structure (such as in divorce) can affect children ’s behaviors throughout life. The research on this topic is contradictory and somewhat inconclusive‚ with research asserting that either attachment style or
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VERGE 3 Rooney 1 Autism and Infant Attachment: A Review of the Literature Anna Rooney Psychology 340 Professor Pederson November 28‚ 2005 VERGE 3 A Review of the Literature Rooney 2 Even when Stephen Bohay was just a few months old‚ his parents knew there was something odd about him. Instead of developing the normal one consonant/one vowel sounds characteristic of three to eight month infants‚ Stephen remained silent and‚ according to his mother‚ never cuddled‚ never wanted
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The attachment theory came about in the early 1950’s from psychologists John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. The definition of attachment according to Bowlby is the enduring deep emotional bond between a child and a specific caregiver. Bowlby described attachment as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (Bowlby‚ 1969‚ p. 194). Bowlby believed that attachment characterized human experience from "the cradle to the grave." Attachment is not only present in infants but it continues
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(maximally vs. moderately irritable) and infant attachment (secure vs. insecure). Researchers wanted to reveal whether the two were associated when infants took part in exploration and sociability with unfamiliar adults. Stupica et al. points out many factors that may contribute to an infant’s wariness in exploration and sociability. Some influences include‚ natural child development through stages‚ which was founded by Jean Piaget‚ parental attachment introduced by John Bowlby and finally the differential-susceptibility
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development of attachment relationships between children and parents constitutes one of the most important aspects of human social and emotional development. For years‚ the predominant view of infant-caregiver attachment was that it was a “secondary drive” i.e. that any attachment formed was because of the infant associating the caregiver with providing for physical needs such as hunger. However‚ John Bowlby argued that attachment is an innate primary drive in the infant. This theory was reinforced
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communicate needs. * Attachment – is defined as a person-specific relationship that is dominated by affectionate interchanges. Attachment initially grows out of many instances of a young infant experiencing her parent as reflecting her emotional state. As a child grows‚ other mutually satisfying interactions add to the parent-child attachment. 2. Why is the quality of an infant’s initial attachment important? The quality of an infant’s initial attachment is enormously important
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relationships. For some children that are in care or from difficult families‚ their attachments may not be formed as easily as those who do not have the same circumstances. There are many theories that have evidence supporting bonding and attachment. Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues were interested in studying the reactions of babies when the parents/carers left and returned to rooms. They came up with three different theories : Anxious avoidant- The baby ignores parents and shows little sign of distress
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Attachments can often be disrupted between an infant and its primary caregiver and these particular children can find themselves growing up and developing outside the traditional family environment. Thus not forming attachments can have serious impacts on the development of the infant. Disruptions to attachments can take place due to the lack of physical and emotional attachment (Privation) and separation from the primary caregiver. In disruption of attachments there are long-term and short-term
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