MUSCULOSKELETAL FRACTURES ● Fracture is a disruption or break in the continuity of the bone structure. ● Traumatic injuries account for the majority of fractures. ● Fractures can be classified as displaced (open) or nondisplaced (closed) depending on communication or noncommunication with the external environment. ● Signs include immediate localized pain‚ decreased function‚ and inability to bear weight or use affected part. Obvious bone deformity may be present. ● Bone goes through eight stages of selfhealing (union)
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Depolarization of the atria on an ECG can be seen as the P wave (Figure 1). During atrial systole‚ the blood is pushed through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles and the impulse will reach the AV node just shortly after. This slight delay from the SA node to the AV node allows the ventricles to completely fill with blood
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intrinsic conduction system in order starting from the SA Node. SA node‚ AV Node‚ Av Bundle‚ left and right bundle branches‚ Purkinge fibers At what structure in the transmission sequence is the impulse delayed? Av Node Why? Allows completion of atrial contraction before initiation of ventricular systole. 2. Even though cardiac muscle has an inherent ability to beat. the nodal system plays a critical role in heart physiology. What is that role? Ensures that depolarization proceeds in an orderly
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of irregular heartbeats is medically referred as Arrhythmias [1].Examples of arrhythmias conditions include AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia‚ Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter[3]. Arrhythmias is usually treated by medication but in case it is not effectively treated by medication or the patient lie under a high risk of atrial or ventricular fibrillation‚ then a cardiac ablation procedure is performed [4].
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at improving general well-being while also involving specific protection for selected diseases. Primary prevention of stroke includes lifestyle modifications and measures to control blood pressure‚ cholesterol levels‚ diabetes mellitus‚ and atrial fibrillation. Lowering blood pressure in patients with hypertension prevents both types of stroke‚ which are hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by the rupture of blood vessels in the brain. Ischemic stroke‚ which is the most common
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NAME ____________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________ R E V I E W S H E E T EXERCISE 31 → Conduction System of the Heart and Electrocardiography The Intrinsic Conduction System 1. List the elements of the intrinsic conduction system in order‚ starting from the SA node. SA node → ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE → → ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) BUNDLE BUNDLE BRANCHES PURKINJE FIBERS ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE At what structure in the transmission sequence
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comes into the cardiology office‚ complaining of fatigue‚ palpitations‚ shortness of breath with mild activity‚ ongoing consistently for the past week without any chest pain or syncopal episodes. She is a 75-year-old woman with a history of atrial fibrillation (AFib)‚ controlled type 2 diabetes‚ myocardial infarction (MI) with a history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to right coronary artery‚ stage IV chronic renal failure‚ and a mild mitral regurgitation on ECHO 7 years ago. Her in-clinic
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Aging heart‚ is characterized by myocardial fibrosis and atrial dilation‚ which is a proper soil for AF to flourish. Atrial Fibrillation creates electrical and structural remodeling in the atria by shortening‚ mismatching‚ and lengthening the effective refractory period (increase of dispersion)‚ depressing the intra-atrial conduction‚ and depriving its contractile function (Karamichalakis‚& Letsas). Because A-Fib cases increase with age and women generally live longer than men‚ more women than men
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1- Question: A client arrives in the emergency room complaining of chest pain that began 4 hours ago . A troponin T blood specimen is obtained ‚ and the results indicate a level of 0.6 ng/mL . The nurse interprets that this result indicates a: Options: 1 . Normal level 2 . Low value that indicates possible gastritis 3 . Level that indicates a myocardial infarction 4 . Level that indicates the presence of possible angina Answer: 3 . 2- Question: A 22-year- old adult has a cholesterol blood
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7 Mixed mitral and aortic valve disease 24 8 Hypertension 27 9 Atrial fibrillation 31 10 Palpitations 35 11 Slow pulse rate 37 12 Gallop rhythm 39 13 Angina pectoris 41 14 Acute myocardial infarction 45 15 Jugular venous pulse 52 16 Congestive cardiac failure 54 17 Infective endocarditis 57 18 Prosthetic heart valves 61 19 Tricuspid regurgitation 64 20 Mitral valve prolapse 65 21 Ventricular septal defect 67 22 Atrial septal defect 71 23 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 75 24 Patent ductus
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