the crust and the shallow mantle just beneath it; the two-layered combination is stiff and brittle and is called the lithosphere ("stony layer" in scientific Latin). The lithospheric plates lie on a layer of softer‚ more plastic mantle rock (the asthenosphere or "weak layer") that allows the plates to move slowly over it like a raft in thick mud. We
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Pressure- results from a force pushing on an area Crust-contains land and ocean floor (50-70 km); solid Mantle-2867 km; solid Lithosphere-crust and uppermost part of the mantle; solid Asthenosphere-soft layer within the mantle Outer core-2‚266 km; liquid Inner core-1‚216 km; solid Pangaea-“super continent”‚ when all continents were connected Subduction-when one continental plate slides under another‚ at a deep-ocean trench Deep-ocean trench-a place in the ocean where subduction occurs Mid-ocean
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EARTH SURFACE REALMS 2And3 We can look at Earth’s surficial "layers" as being comprised of several major realms or "geospheres": the atmosphere‚ lithosphere‚ hydrosphere‚ biosphere and pedosphere. The reference to "sphere" applies because Earth is spherical‚ and hence layers around it form somewhat spherical shells at the outermost edges of the solid planet. The atmosphere‚ biosphere and lithosphere more completely encircle Earth‚ while the hydrosphere and pedosphere tend to be more discontinuous
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BACKGROUND Continental drift is a theory proposed by a scientist‚ Alfred Wegener in the twentieth century. The theory explained that all the continents was once joined as one‚ and through the course of millions of years‚ drifted apart from each other to form separate continents as we see it now. THEORY Before all the continents were separated‚ they existed as one supercontinent‚ Pangaea (Lovett‚ 2008)‚ surrounded by a super ocean‚ known as Panthalassa. Movement of continents can be compared to
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EARTH The earth is 4.5 billion years old. The Big Bang theory says that there was an explosion caused by the crash of matter which created our Solar System. Millions of years ago‚ during the Paleozoic era‚ the seven continents formed one single super-continent‚ from which they later detached driven by endogenous forces. Mankind appeared on Earth 30000 years ago. According to Darwin organisms which adapt the best to the environment they live in‚ survive the longest. Mankind become the dominant
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lava with low silica content and therefore erupts unpredictably and with great force. At this plate boundary‚ a denser plate (e.g. oceanic or and older plate) subducts a less dense plate (continental or newer) and this plate descends into the asthenosphere. The plate melts at the Benioff zone due to increased temperatures and pressures and stress is
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The Earth’s structure The crust is the surface of the earth; it is a rock layer forming the upper part of the lithosphere. The lithosphere is split into tectonic plates. The plates move slowly on a layer called the asthenosphere. Meteorites can tell us what the earth is like-these are rock and metal fragments which fall to earth from space. We know the earth’s core is hot through hot spring geezers and volcano lava. 2 types of crust OCEANIC CRUST: it is found under the oceans; it’s thin and
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Formation of Volcanic Islands When people think of volcanoes‚ most would imagine a deadly explosion of liquid hot magma that ruthlessly obliterates anything in plain view. If volcanoes demolish everything in sight then how did life become what it is today? Volcanoes are not just a source of destruction and mayhem‚ long before civilization‚ while the earth was still being developed its apocalyptic surface consisted of nothing but molten rock and volcanic eruptions were a common occurrence; it was
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determining the features of an organism evolution natural selection infectious disease non infectious disease human reproduction our solar system night and day and the earths rotation galaxies stars nebulae core mantle lithosphere asthenosphere gases in atmosphere ozone
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There are four major factors that often contribute to the formation of hydrothermal copper porphyry: 1) readily available mineralizing fluid solutions that dissolve and transport metals‚ 2) openings in rocks which allow permeable flow of hydrothermal fluids and the metals that they transport in solution‚ 3) available sites within the fractured rocks which allow for deposition of the minerals from solution‚ and 4) the requisite chemical reactions that contribute to that deposition (Bateman‚ 1967)
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