Chemistry GENERAL CHEMISTRY: Atomic Structure and elementary quantum mechanics: Blackbody radiation‚ Planck’s radiation law‚ photoelectric effect‚ Compton Effect‚ de Broglie’s hypothesis‚ Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Postulates of quantum mechanics‚ Schrodinger wave equation and a particle in a box‚ energy levels‚ wave functions and probability densities‚ Schrodinger wave equation for H-atom‚ Separation of variables‚ Radial and angular functions‚ hydrogen like wave functions‚ quantum numbers
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the electrophile in the nitration reaction‚ will attack the benzene ring and produces the nitrobenzene ring. Resonance-stabilized arenium ion is created when the nucleophilic carbon pi bond on the acetanilide reacts with the nitronium ion. The aromaticity of the compound is lost in this important step. Water‚ acting as the Lewis base‚ removes a proton from the carbon bonded to the nitro group‚ an aromatic benzyl structure is created again: nitroacetanilide; thus ending the nitration reaction (1)
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electrophile on the aromatic ring‚ creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion‚ which is an ion that is the result of an electrophilic attack on a benzene ring. And deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity. Nitration is defined as replacing a hydrogen with a nitro (NO2) group. Nitration requires the presence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. Mechanism of Nitration. A. Overall reaction: B. Mechanism: The nitronium ion is the electrophile
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Experiment 2: Fractional Distillation of a Mixture of Two Unknowns Background: Boiling is a process familiar to anyone who has cooked pasta or brewed tea. As heat is applied to a pan of water‚ the temperature of the water increases until it reaches 100°C (212°F). At this temperature‚ additional heat causes the water to bubble vigorously as the liquid water is converted into gaseous water‚ or steam. Most organic liquids will behave in a similar fashion. On heating‚ the temperature of the liquid
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2-(2‚4-Dinitrobenzyl) pyridine Peter Defnet and Cody Krepps Department of Chemstry Juniata College Huntingdon‚ PA September 18‚ 2012 Abstract: Nitration of 2-benzylpyridine is supposed to yield 2-(2‚4-Dinitrobenzyl) pyridine‚ when electrophilic aromatic substitution is the mechanism. Experiencing many pitfalls‚ however‚ has lead to the actual product obtained to contain the expected product‚ as well as many impurities. This report examines the supposed mechanism for the electrophilic substitution
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Unlocking the Secrets of the Universe Increasing our knowledge of Physics‚ using the scientific method to make observations and test hypotheses is essential to unlocking the secrets of the universe. Energy is one of the most fundamental elements of the universe. Throughout history‚ man has endeavored to expose‚ understand‚ and explain how and why things work. This drive to expand our understanding eventually led to the development of the scientific method and what is commonly considered
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ethyl acetate and was kept for 72 hours and was filtered. The filtrate was dried using a rotary evaporator to get one-tenth of its original amount. The functional and phenolic groups present in the resveratrol were tested using standard methods. Aromaticity and the melting point were also determined. In the preparation of the resveratrol derivatives‚ the first two resveratrol extracts were dissolved in dry benzene. To
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Analysis of Hydrocarbons Leoncito‚ Alyssa Lynn‚ Libatique‚ Keith Martin P.‚ Ligot‚ Nestlhyn B.*‚ Lim‚ Jamie Therese T. Department of Psychology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract Four organic samples: hexane‚ cyclohexene‚ napthalene and toulene were given to serve as reference standards to characterize and distinguish four unknown given samples. Nitration‚ bromine and basic oxidation testswere conducted to classify the different samples from being an aliphatic‚ or aromatic
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A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electromagnetic force attraction between opposite charges‚ either between electrons and nuclei‚ or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as dipole-dipole interactions‚ the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding
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Extraction and analysis of two compounds from unknown solution C ABSTRACT Liquid C and solid C were both extracted from unknown solution by first using chemically active liquid-liquid extract‚ followed by vacuum filtration. Liquid C and solid C were then purified with the use of simple distillation and recrystallization respectively. Through the process of recrystallization‚ the percentage purity of solid C was found to be 6.01%. The melting point range of purified solid C was 117.0 – 119
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