FORENSIC SCIENCE Notes Chapter 1: Introduction Sir Bernard Spilsbury is the 1st forensic science celebrity. A legal system does the following process‚ 1. Collect evidence from experts‚ witnesses and police 2. Prosecution and defense lawyers present cases and arguments 3. Judge and Jury (abolished in some countries including Singapore) decides outcome *Innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt. Limits of Forensic Science Actus Reus: A guilty action Mens Rea: A guilty mind or intention
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OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION: IODIMETRIC AND IODOMETRIC METHOD SUBSTANCE TO BE ASSAY AQUEOUS/NON-AQUEOUS ALKALINITY / ACIDIMETRY DIRECT/RESIDUAL TITRATION TITRANT INDICATOR CHEMICAL REACTION Assay of Antimony potassium tartrate Direct titration 0.1 N Iodine Starch TS KOOCCHOHCHOHCOO (SbO) + I2 + H2O KOOCCHOHCHOHCOO (SbO2) + 2HI + 2HI + 2NaHCO3 2NaI + 2H2O +
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Daniel Rutherford Jacobus Henricus Walther Hermann Nernst Reinhold Benesch & Ruth Erica Benesch Find How Oxygen is Transported in Human Body Frederick Soddy Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Louis Jacques Thenard discovers hydrogen peroxide Jbir ibn Hayyn Ya’qub Al-Kindi Paul Karrer Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier Few things are as important as water‚ which we know is made of oxygen and hydrogen. Did you know that Antoine Lavoisier was the discoverer of both elements? Contributions to Science Antoine-Laurent
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MINERALS * Minerals - Naturally occurring * Inorganic * Solid substance * Definite chemical composition * Minerals have an ordered atomic arrangement HOW MINERALS FORMED? * Crystallization from magma * Precipitation * Pressure and Temperature * Hydrothermal Solutions PROPERTIES OF A MINERAL * Color - small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors. * Hardness - is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being
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The element symbol for Germanium is Ge. It is located in row 4 column 4 on the periodic table and is in block p. It belongs in group 14. Germanium was first proposed by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1871 based on the gaps found in the newly made periodic table. Germanium was first discovered by the German chemist Clemens Winkler ( Winkler ). Clemens Winkler was born in Freiburg‚ Germany in 1838 but he grew up Zschopenthal‚ Germany. His father Kurt Winkler was a well known chemist and metallurgist. Clemens
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with lead‚ tin‚iron or cadmium the multi colored Bismuth is created. Bismuth falls under the pnictogen family. This family consists of elements that have five electrons in the outer electron level. These elements are nitrogen‚ phosphorus‚ arsenic‚ antimony‚ and Bismuth. Bismuth is a Crystalline metal. Being a crystalline metal Bismuth is a solid state of matter. Bismuth has an Atomic
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structural problems faced by the tin industry‚ including "inaccessibility of the ores because of high altitudes and poor infrastructure; narrow‚ deep veins found in hard rock; complex tin ores that had to be specially processed to extract tin‚ antimony‚ lead‚ and other ores; depletion of high-grade ores; almost continual labor unrest; deplorable conditions for miners; extensive mineral theft; poor macroeconomic conditions; lack of
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IEEE Standards IEEE Std 450™-2002 (Revision of IEEE Std 450-1995) 450 TM IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance‚ Testing‚ and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications IEEE Power Engineering Society Sponsored by the PES Stationary Battery Committee Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers‚ Inc. 3 Park Avenue‚ New York‚ NY 10016-5997‚ USA 3 April 2003 Print: SH95063 PDF: SS95063 IEEE Std 450™-2002 (Revision
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Chemical Prperties of Metals Most metals are chemically reactive‚ reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over changing timescales (for example iron rusts over years and potassium burns in seconds). The alkali metals react quickest followed by the alkaline earth metals‚ found in the leftmost two groups of the periodic table. Examples: 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O (sodium oxide) 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO (calcium oxide) 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 (aluminium oxide) The transition metals take much longer to
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Special Report Plastic Additive: A Techno-Commercial Profile B.G. SAMPAT E-mail: bgsampat@bom3.vsnl.net.in INTRODUCTION Every activity in modern life is influenced by plastics and many depend entirely on plastic products. All these plastic products are made from the essential polymer mixed with a complex blend of materials known collectively as additives. Without additives‚ plastics would not work‚ but with them they can be made safer‚ cleaner‚ tougher and more colourful. Additives cost money
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