Chapter 4 - Methane production 4.1 Microbial consortia and biological aspects of methane fermentation 4.2 Molecular biology of methanogens 4.3 Developments in bioreactor technology References Methane fermentation is a versatile biotechnology capable of converting almost all types of polymeric materials to methane and carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions. This is achieved as a result of the consecutive biochemical breakdown of polymers to methane and carbon dioxide in an environment
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Tests|Patient Results& Date10/17/12|Patient Results & Date|Normal|Possible causes for out of range result| Chemistry||||| Alanine Aminotransferase Test (ALT)|146||30-65|| Albumin||||| Alkaline Phosphatase|191||54-415|| Ammonia Test (NH3)||||| Amylase||||| Anion gap||||| Aspartate Aminotransferase Test (AST)||||| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)| 6||5-25|| B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)||||| Calcium (Ca**)|9.3||8.6-11.0|| Carbon Dioxide (CO2)|18||17-31|| Chloride (Of)|110||98-108|| Cholesterol|||||
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organic molecules to form smaller compounds and nutrients. For example‚ the enzyme protease breaks down huge protein molecules first into polypeptides and peptides‚ then into numerous amino acids‚ which are readily assimilated by the body. The enzyme amylase works on carbohydrates‚ reducing starches and complex sugars to simple sugars. And the enzyme lipase hydrolyzes complex fat molecules into simpler free fatty acids. These are but three of the more important enzymes. There are thousands more‚ both
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is essential to determine the underlying cause and‚ if possible‚ treat that to prevent a recurrence. Recurrence can damage the pancreas leading to chronic pancreatitis. Scar tissue may form causing loss of function. Lab work to obtain and monitor: amylase‚ lipase‚ WBC‚ C-reative protein. A CT scan is vital and should be repeated if the patient’s condition warrants. The goals of treatment of acute pancreatitis are to stop the auto-digestion‚ alleviate pancreatic inflammation and to correct the underlying
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The effect of mutations on living organisms Mutations occur when there is a change in the base sequence on the DNA strand. Most mutations have absolutely no effect due to them occurring in the introns‚ or the “junk DNA”. However some mutations occur on the exons‚ and these are the ones that can be potentially harmful to the organism‚ although in some exceptional cases random mutations can be beneficial‚ and pressured mutations are almost always beneficial to the survival of a species. Harmful
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sweeteners. It can be found in a variety of food products including soft drinks‚ salad dressings‚ ketchup‚ jams‚ sauces‚ ice cream and even bread. The enzyme process that changes the 100% glucose corn syrup into HFCS 42 is as follows: 1. alpha-amylase – produces shorter chains of sugars called oligosaccharides from raw cornstarch. 2. Glucoamylase – breaks the oligosaccharides down even further to yield the simple sugar glucose. 3. Xylose isomerase (aka glucose isomerase) – converts glucose
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Unable to read the Gram Stain at first it was later confirmed that Unknown #7 was a gram negative bacteria. When introduced to Starch Unknown #7 produced no zone of clearing showing that it did not contain the enzyme amylase. When introduced to the Lipid Unknown #7 did produce a zone of clearing indicating that it did contain the enzyme lipase. When introduced to Casein Unknown #7 produced no zone of clearing indicating that it did not contain the enzyme protease. When streaked onto the Gelatin‚
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MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS The complex multicellular animals and plants perform many different activities in order to exist. More energy is invested in all organisms for their accumulation and distribution of food‚ release of waste matters‚ movement‚ reproduction‚ and coordination of these activities. The different organisms have specialized tissues‚ organs and organ systems that work together for the good of the organisms. Thus the well-being of the whole organism depends on the integration
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Practical 12: Digestion in Humans Aim: To distinguish between 5 liquids to come to a conclusion from which region of the alimentary canal it was extracted from. Hypothesis In this practical‚ we have been given 5 unknown solutions hence it is not possible for us without any logical analysis to come up with a conclusion regarding the positioning along the alimentary canal. We cannot come up with a proper answer or predict results without running through the tests. I though can base my
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signalling system that communicates from one set of cells to another set‚ the target cells‚ which will then trigger enzyme secretion. Upon ingesting food into the mouth‚ salivary glands secrete saliva which contains the digestive enzyme ‘Salivary Amylase’. This has a neutral pH and
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