IGCSE Complete Chemistry Notes Unit 1: States of matter Everything is made of particles. Particles in solid are not free to move around. Liquids and gases can. As particles move they collide with each other and bounce off in all directions. This is called random motion. In 2 substances‚ when mixed‚ particles bounce off in all directions when they collide. This mixing process is called diffusion. It’s also the movement of particles without a force. The smallest particle
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The knowledge of chemical analysis today has become important not only for scientists in their research but in fact bears influence in our daily routine as well. To recognize and classify these uses‚ we have to first understand‚ what is chemical analysis?Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis is a body of procedures and techniques used to identify and quantify the chemical composition of a sample of substance.1 It may be said as a collection of all the techniques required to obtain any chemical information
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SALTS AND THEIR PREPARATION SALTS A salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by metal ions or by ammonium ions. Compounds in which the H+ ions in an acid have been replaced by ammonium ions (NH4+) are called ammonium salts. NOTE: •An anion is a negatively charged ion. Hence:•Hydrochloric acid gives chlorides. E.g. sodium chloride‚ ammonium chloride. •Nitric acid gives nitrates. E.g. barium nitrate‚ copper nitrate. •Sulphuric acid gives sulphates. E.g. silver sulphate
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periodic table to predict the behavior of elements Procedure: 1. Number the groups. 2. Number the periods 3. Draw a heavy black line between the metals and nonmetals. 4. Write the name of each of the following groups above the number: Group 1 alkali metals Group 2 alkaline earth metal Group 3-12 (collectively) transition metals Group 16 chalcogens Group 17 halogens Group 18 Noble gases 5. Write the names of the two rows at the bottom of the chart: lanthanides
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Obtain a copy of the blank periodic table. Develop a color code for each of the families listed below (atomic number of members is provided). Color in the family on the periodic table and the title of the box for that family. Hydrogen Family – 1 Alkali metals – 3‚ 11‚ 19‚ 37‚ 55‚ 87 Alkaline earth metals – 4‚ 12‚ 20‚ 38‚ 56‚ 88 Transition metals – d block and 13‚ 31‚ 32‚ 49‚ 50‚ 51‚ 81‚ 82‚ 83‚ 84 Rare earth metals – f block Boron Family – 5 Carbon Family – 6‚ 14 Nitrogen Family – 7‚ 15‚ 33
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soda‚[2][3] or lye‚ is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH (also written as NaHO). It is a white solid‚ and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets‚ flakes‚ granules‚ and as a 50% saturated solution.[citation needed] Sodium hydroxide is soluble in water‚ ethanol and methanol. This alkali is deliquescent and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide in air. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries‚ mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture
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0 Standard Molar Enthalpy Change of Neutralisation‚ ΔHonuet | | | 10‚11 | 6.1 The Standard Enthalpy Change of Neutralisation For Strong Acids | | | | and Strong Alkalis | | | | | | | | 6.2 The Standard Enthalpy Change of Neutralisation of Weak Acids and | | | | Weak Alkalis | | | | | | | | 7.0 Standard Molar Enthalpy Change of Atomisation‚ ΔHoat | | | 12 | 8.0 Electron Affinity | | | | | | | 13 | 9.0 Lattice Energy |
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chemical compounds used by chemists. For instance‚ hydrochloric‚ phosphoric and citric are acids used to make mineral stain removers‚ toilet bowl cleaners‚ metal cleaners and rust removers. A variety of maintenance chemicals contain these compounds. Alkali maintenance chemicals like degreasers‚ oven cleaners and drain openers contain bases such as Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)‚ Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)‚ Sodium Metasilicate (Na2SiO3)‚ Ammonium Hydroxide (NH3(aq)). Special salts like Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
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Sodium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. This element is the 11th element found on the periodic table; located in group 1 and period 3. Its chemical symbol is Na and it is classified as a metal. Metals‚ by definition‚ means that they are elements that are luster‚ lose electrons very easily‚ malleable‚ ductile‚ and are great conductors of heat and electricity. Sodium is found in group 1 of the periodic table because the electronegativity of sodium is very low. This allows it to form
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The transition metals are placed in the centre of the periodic table‚ between groups 2 and 3. They are generally hard and dense‚ and less reactive than the alkali metals. Iron‚ copper‚ silver and gold are important transition metals. The transition metals: overview The elements in the centre of the periodic table‚ between groups 2 and 3‚ are called the transition metals. Most of the commonly used metals are there‚ including iron‚ copper‚ silver and gold The transition metals Common properties
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