Text Edition (10th/11th/12th) is specified if the figure numbers are DIFFERENT in the editions. If figure numbers are the SAME‚ then the edition is not specified. ****502 Students: Read this paragraph **** If you are a 502 student using this guide‚ this is based on Dr. Rust’s lectures in Physiol 201. Topics may have been covered in more detail in 502 or the coverage or emphasis may have been different since many topics in 502 were taught by other professors- so use your notes and slides along
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Signals Traveling in Neurons Two opposing ideas about the nervous system * Reticular theory ( the nervous system consisted of a large network of fused nerve cells) * Neuron theory ( the nervous system consisted of distinct elements or cells * Discovery of staining led to the acceptance of neuron theory. Staining is a chemical technique that caused nerve cells to become colored so they stood out from surrounding tissue * A way of electricity is transmitted in groups of neurons‚ such
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stabilizing body position/posture‚ generates heat 2. Location: on top of/attached to bones (skeletal) AND in certain organs (smooth) 3. Organs: skeletal muscles and smooth muscle‚ tendons and ligaments Nervous System: 1. Function: generates Action Potentials (nerve impulses)‚ regulates body activities‚ detects changes in body chemistry/internal and external environment‚ interprets changes‚ responds to AP’s by causing
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the terms depolarization and action potential mean the same thing? The terms depolarization and action potential differ because are excitable cells that communicate by transmitting electrical impulses that are capable of producing rapid electrical signals and depolarization in the interior surface of the membrane which becomes less negative and the exterior surface becomes less positive. Additionally‚ when depolarization reaches a certain threshold‚ an action potential is initiated and the polarity
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relaxation) 3. effects of increasing stim. Intensity on muscle force: forces increases then stays constant 1. Nervous Sys. I: Action Potential; Ion Channels; Membrane Potential 2. Nervoous Sys. II: Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration‚; Synaptic Transmission 3. Endocrine Sys.: Biochemistry‚ Secretion and Transport of Hormones; Actions of Hormones 4. Muscular Sys.: Neuromuscular Junction; Muscle Metabolism 5. CV Sys.: Cardiac Cycle; Measuring Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output
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1. Compound action potentials can be graded responses. True 2. The sciatic nerve contains axons of both afferent and efferent neurones. True 3. The absolute refractory period of an action potential is the period after an initial stimulus when it is impossible to evoke another action potential with a second stimulus. True 4. The refractory periods of individual axons are important as they dictate the maximal action potential firing rate of a neuron. True 5. Compound action potentials represent the
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K+ gradient across the membrane is reduced. This results in depolarization where cells generate an action potential. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open in response to depolarization and close by inactivation for a refractory period and remain closed until repolarization. In this new setting‚ less K+ leaks out of the intracellular space and the cell is unable to return to its resting membrane potential (ie. The cell stays slightly depolarized) as the voltage-gated Na+ channels have closed. This means
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Unit: Coordination and Control The human body is made up of many cells which form and create different tissues and organs within the body. Control and coordination are required to enable all functions within the body to work accordingly and appropriately at the specific times required. The system
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cleft is the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron. The arrival of an action potential normally causes the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron. The action potential travels down to the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron. Each axon terminal becomes swollen forming a presynaptic knob. There is a depolarisation of the presynaptic membrane resulting from the action potential. This depolarisation causes an increase in the permeability to sodium and calcium ions
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interact with the sodium ions inside the myelinated internodes and subsequently with the sodium ions in the next node of Ranvier‚ vastly speeding up the process of propagating the action potential5. This process can be modeled by a partial differential equation obtained from the Cable theorem and describes the potential across the myelin layer‚ found in Equation 1
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